Congestive Cardiomyopathy (Left-sided) in Cats
The heart has four chambers: two chambers at the top, the right and left atria; and two chambers on the bottom, the right and left ventricles. The right side of the heart collects blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated. The oxygen rich blood is then collected by the left side of the heart, and from there it is pumped out into the body's various organs.
Congestive left-sided heart failure refers to a condition in which the left side of the heart is not able to push blood through the body efficiently enough to meet the metabolic needs of the body, and frequently results in blood pooling in the lungs. Low blood output from the heart causes tiredness, exercise intolerance and fainting.
Symptoms and Types
- Weakness
- Exercise intolerance
- Trouble breathing
- Cat stands in unusual positions to relieve pain
- Increased heart rate
- Crackles heard when listening to the lungs
- Pale/gray/bluish mucous membranes
- Gums stay pale longer than a few seconds when pushed upon with a finger
- Possible heart murmur
- Weak pulses on the insides of the cat's thighs
Causes
Muscle failure of the left ventricle (the left lower chamber of the heart):
- Parasitic infection (e.g., heartworm infection, but this is rare)
- Inactive thyroid (rare)
- Overactive thyroid (rarely causes pump failure; more commonly causes high blood output failure)
Pressure overload of the left heart:
- High blood pressure throughout the body
- Narrowing of the aortic artery (leads directly out of the heart)
- Left ventricle tumors (rare)
Volume overload of the left heart (the mitral valve on the left side of the heart, separating the left atrium from the left ventricle):
- Mitral valve abnormal development
- An abnormal hole in the wall dividing the ventricles (two bottom chambers of the heart)
Difficulties filling the left heart with blood:
- Fluid filling the sac around the heart so that it has trouble beating
- Restrictive inflammation of the sac around the heart
- Restrictive heart disease
- Heart disease causing the heart to enlarge
- Left atrial masses (e.g., tumors and blood clots)
- Pulmonary blood clot
- Mitral valve narrowing (rare)
Heart beat rhythm disturbances:
- Slow heart rate
- Increased heart rate
Diagnosis
Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam on your cat, taking into account the background history, onset of symptoms and possible incidents that might have led to this condition. A blood chemical profile, complete blood count, urinalysis and an electrolyte panel will be ordered to check the underlying cause of the heart disease and its severity. Your veterinarian will also draw blood from your cat to check thyroid function.
Imaging studies can be used to gain a further understanding of your cat's heart condition. X-ray and ultrasound imaging may be used, as well as electrocardiogram (ECG, or EKG) recordings for examining the electrical currents in the heart muscles. These recordings may reveal any abnormalities in cardiac electrical conduction (which underlies the heart’s ability to contract/beat).
Treatment
Treatment will depend on the exact underlying cause of the cardiac disease. Most patients suffering from left-sided congestive heart failure can be treated on an outpatient basis. However, if your cat is having trouble breathing it should be placed in the intensive care unit (ICU) in an oxygen cage. Your veterinarian will also recommend hospitalization if your cat is presenting with very low blood pressure.
Surgical intervention may benefit select patients with congenital defects, such as malformations of the heart that were present at birth, and some forms of congenital and acquired heart valve disease.
Your veterinarian will also prescribe medications for the heart, if appropriate, and will advise you in a diet and exercise plan that will keep your cat's blood pressure down and relieve pressure on the heart muscle, while hopefully strengthening its ability to pump blood.
Living and Management
Left sided congestive heart failure is an incurable disease. Your cat will need to have its activity restricted to some extent to relieve pressure on the heart. While may cats do spend a lot of time resting, if your cat is still highly active, even with this condition, you may need to put some barriers in place for your cat's well being (such as intermittent cage rest, or creating an environment for your cat that limits jumping and running). Your cat should also be fed a moderately sodium-restricted diet that is high in nutrients. This diet may be changed to a severely sodium-restricted diet if the disease worsens, but your veterinarian will determine if this is appropriate. Diet changes should only be made with a veterinarian's approval.
