Sometimes referred to as horse malaria or swamp fever, Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a virus that does what its name suggests -- causes anemia in horses. EIA has become an endemic in certain parts of the world, but is concentrated in North and South America, the Middle East, Russia, South Africa, and certain parts of Europe.

Symptoms

• Anemia
• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Fever
• Enlarged spleen
• Swollen belly and legs
• Laziness
• Depression
• Decreased athletic performance
• Death (in some cases)

Cause

EIA is caused by a retro virus and transmitted by bloodsucking insects such as deer flies and ticks. However, the infection can also be spread through contaminated items such as unsterilized needles, syringes, etc.

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will usually conduct a Coggins test on the suspected animal, which is designed to diagnose EIA in horses.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment or vaccine available in the United States at this time for EIA, though most horses with this condition only suffer from the symptoms episodically. Interestingly enough, there have even been studies done relating the human HIV virus and EIA.

Living and Management

Because EIA occurs in episodes -- clearing up after just a few weeks and then returning -- it may be frustrating for horse owners. However, recurring symptoms such as fever or depression must be dealt with quickly, as EIA-infected horses are in a weakened state and may develop major setbacks. Therefore, bring the horse back to the veterinarian if it becomes severely weak or loses a lot of weight.