Sperm Ducts Cysts in Dogs

Sat, 27 Feb 2010 00:05:00 +0000

Spermatocele and Sperm Granuloma in Dogs

A spermatocele is a cyst in the ducts or epididymis that conduct sperm, and is usually associated with a blockage. Meanwhile, sperm granuloma (or cyst epididymis) is a chronic inflammatory condition in which a cyst has grown in the epididymis, part of the spermatic duct system, resulting in swelling of the duct or ducts. When sperm escape from these ducts into the surrounding tissue, chronic inflammation occurs. This becomes clinically important when bilateral (both sides) obstruction of the duct system leads to no live sperm in the seminal flu ...read more

Abdominal Cavity Inflammation in Dogs

Wed, 24 Sep 2008 20:43:51 +0000

Peritonitis in Dogs

The abdominal cavity is lined with a thin, watery membrane, called the peritoneum. When the dog's abdominal cavity, also called the peritoneal cavity, is injured, the peritoneum becomes inflamed.

The severity of the inflammation depends on the type of injury the peritoneal cavity has undergone. Peritonitis is frequently a painful condition, and the affected dog will respond when it is touched on its abdomen.

Peritonitis can affect both dogs and cats. To learn more about how it affects cats, please visit

Abnormal Development of the Elbow in Dogs

Thu, 30 Oct 2008 21:04:01 +0000

Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

Elbow dysplasia is a condition caused by the abnormal growth of cells, tissue, or bone. The condition is characterized by a series of four developmental abnormalities that lead to malformation and degeneration of the elbow joint. It is the most common cause of elbow pain and lameness, and one of the most common causes of forelimb lameness in large and giant-breed dogs. Labrador retrievers, Rottweilers, Golden retrievers, German shepherd dogs, Bernese mountain dogs, chow chows, bearded collies, and Newfoundland breeds are the most commonly affected. The age for ...read more

Abnormal Eyelid in Dogs

Thu, 14 Aug 2008 19:08:12 +0000

Entropion in Dogs

Entropion is a genetic condition in which a portion of the eyelid is inverted or folded inward. This can cause an eyelash or hair to irritate and scratch the surface of the eye, leading to corneal ulceration or perforation. It can also cause dark-colored scar tissue to build up over the wound (pigmentary keratitis). These factors may cause a decrease or loss of vision.

Entropion is fairly common in dogs and is seen in a wide variety of breeds, including short-nosed breeds, giant breeds, and sporting breeds. Entropion is almost always diagnosed around the tim ...read more

Abnormal Growths in the Lower Intestines of Dogs

Tue, 18 Nov 2008 19:29:25 +0000

Rectoanal Polyps in Dogs

Rectoanal polyps is characterized by the growth of flap-like protrusions in the anal and rectal walls. The polyps may be directly attached to the intestinal wall (sessile), or attached through a stalk-like cylindrical connection.

Most rectoanal polyps are non-cancerous, and are merely extensions of the innermost tissue lining of the intestinal walls. And while most cases of polyps are usually isolated, there are occasions dogs suffer from multiple polyps.

The condition described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you wo ...read more

Abnormal Heart Rhythm in Dogs

Fri, 12 Feb 2010 14:13:59 +0000

Sinus Bradycardia in Dogs

Sinus bradycardia (SB) is indicated by a slower-than-normal rate of impulses in the sinus node. Also called the sinoatrial node (SAN), the sinus node initiates the electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat or contract. In most instances, slow sinus electrical impulses is benign and may even be beneficial; however, it can also cause loss of consciousness if it is brought about by an underlying disease that disrupts the cardiac autonomic nerves, which act as the heart's control system.

SB is fairly common in dogs, especially in ...read more

Abnormal Molar Development in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jun 2010 01:46:23 +0000

Dilacerated Mandibular First Molar in Dogs

The abnormal development and formation of the mandibular tooth, a molar located three teeth away from the midline of the jaw, is an oral health issue seen primarily in small breed dogs. The mandibular tooth is one of the first permanent teeth to develop a calcified crown, and one of the largest.

There is no gender or particular breed predilection, but small breed dogs are at risk due to the small amount of space in the jaw for the molar to grow into. Therefore, it is generally recommended that small breed dogs be given a full evalua ...read more

Abnormal Passage Between Artery and Vein in Dogs

Fri, 28 May 2010 21:52:06 +0000

Arteriovenous Fistula in Dogs

An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal, low resistance connection between an artery and a vein. If large enough, the fistula may cause a significant fraction of the total cardiac output to bypass the capillary bed, making it so that the tissues receive little or no oxygen. The heart, in turn, tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen by pumping blood out to the body at a faster rate, which may lead “high output” congestive heart failure.

The location of arteriovenous fistulae varies; reported sites include the head, neck, ea ...read more

Abnormal Passageway Between the Mouth and Nasal Cavity in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 21:34:10 +0000

Oronasal Fistula in Dogs

A fistula is characterized as an abnormal passageway between two openings, hollow organs, or cavities. They occur as a result of injury, infection, or disease. A communicating, vertical passageway between the mouth and nasal cavity is called an oronasal fistula. Dolichocephalic dog breeds are more likely to be affected with this condition, especially the Dachshund.

These types of fistulas are caused by the diseased condition of any tooth in the upper jaw. The most common location for an oronasal ...read more

Abnormal Protein Production in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 15:01:38 +0000

Paraproteinemia in Dogs

Plasma cells are white blood cells, which produce large quantities of antibodies, essential to the body's immune response to invasions of bacteria and viruses. Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins, small protein molecules found in the blood or other body fluids and used by the immune system to fight against foreign particles, including bacteria and viruses.

In paraproteinemia, abnormal proteins called paraprotein (proteins in the blood or urine), or M component, are produced by a single clone (group) of plasma cells. Such production of abno ...read more

Abnormal Urine Outflow Due to Urinary Bladder Dysfunction in Dogs

Mon, 01 Mar 2010 02:28:00 +0000

Vesicourachal Diverticula in Dogs

Vesicourachal diverticula is congenital condition in which the urachus -- embryological canal or tube connecting the placenta with urinary bladder of fetus -- fails to close. This impairs the animal's normal urine outflow and makes it susceptible to urinary tract infections. If not treated properly, the condition may persist indefinitely.

Symptoms and Types

Blood in urine (hematuria)
Difficult urination (

Abortion in Dogs

Wed, 11 Feb 2009 20:44:47 +0000

There are numerous reasons for why pet owners would like to prevent pregnancy in their pets.

There are numerous reasons for why pet owners would like to prevent pregnancy in their pets. It is a common concern, and there are ways to perform a safe pregnancy termination if your dog has become pregnant. If you are considering ending a pregnancy in your dog, it is recommended that you first seek the advice and assistance of a medical professional, so that a full risk and side effects evaluation can be done.

On the other hand, it is also important to note that dogs can exp ...read more

Abscesses in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 16:34:57 +0000

Surface wounds are fairly common in pets, but they can become problematic if they become infected and are left untreated.

Surface wounds are fairly common in dogs, but they can become problematic if they become infected and are left untreated. While most irritations can often be treated with ointments and creams, an abscess can form if an irritation worsens or if bacteria invades the skin. An abscess can also occur when an animal becomes infected from a variety of injuries, and can be found on virtually any part of a dog’s body.

The condition or disease describe ...read more

Accumulation of Air Between Chest and Lungs in Dogs

Wed, 12 Nov 2008 15:58:41 +0000

Pneumothorax in Dogs

Pneumothorax is the medical term for an accumulation of air in the pleural space, the area between the chest wall and the lungs. It may be categorized as traumatic or spontaneous, and closed or open.

Both dogs and cats are susceptible to pneumothorax. Large, deep-chested dogs, such as the Siberian Husky, are believed to be more susceptible to spontaneous pneumothorax.

If you would like to learn how this disease affects cats, please visit

Acid Reflux in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 15:52:22 +0000

Gastroesophageal Reflux in Dogs

Gastroesophageal reflux is a condition characterized by the uncontrollable reverse flow of gastric or intestinal fluids into the tube connecting the throat and the stomach (esophagus). This may be due to a brief relaxation of the muscular opening at the base of the esophagus (referred to as the sphincter), as well as chronic vomiting. Gastroesophageal reflux is fairly common in dogs, and may occur at any age, although younger dogs are at greater risk.

The gastric ...read more

Acne in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 18:20:58 +0000

Pustules in Dogs

Much like in teenage humans, acne is a benign disorder that typically only lasts a while. It occurs when the hair follicles become irritated. Dogs with short coats such as Boxers, Bulldogs, and Rottweilers are the breeds most likely to have this condition. Dogs may also experience intense pain and itching.

Acne tends to come on at puberty, from five to eight months of age. Typically it is gone b ...read more

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Dogs

Wed, 15 Jul 2009 15:17:09 +0000

Shock Lung in Dogs

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) refers to a condition of sudden respiratory failure due to fluid accumulation and severe inflammation in the lungs. ARDS is a life-threatening problem, with current mortality rates in dogs at almost 100 percent. This condition is also medically referred to as shock lung, as it occurs following an episode which leads to a state of shock, such as traumatic injury. As typified by a syndrome, ARDS is indicative of an underlying medical condition, usually an injurious event that has allowed blood, fluid and tissue to cross over ...read more

Acute Vomiting in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:32:48 +0000

Sudden Onset of Vomiting in Dogs

It is not uncommon for dogs and cats to vomit from time to time. They might have eaten something that upset their stomachs, or just have sensitive digestive systems. However, it becomes acute when the vomiting does not stop and when there is nothing left in the stomach to throw up except bile (a yellow fluid). It is important you take your pet to a veterinarian in these types of cases.

While vomiting may have a simple, straightforward cause, it may be an indicator of something far more serious. It is also problematic because it can have a wide ...read more

Addison’s Disease in Dogs

Fri, 16 Apr 2010 15:32:40 +0000

Hypoadrenocorticism in Dogs

Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are hormones normally produced by the adrenal glands, which are located near the kidneys. Both of these hormones are critical to the healthy functioning of the body, and an abnormal increase or decrease of either of these hormones can lead to serious health problems if not addressed in time. Hypoadrenocorticism is characterized by a deficient production of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids. Deficient production of both these hormones can cause a number of symptoms like weakness, dehydration, low blood pressure, ...read more

Adrenal Gland Cancer (Pheochromocytoma) in Dogs

Mon, 29 Jun 2009 18:31:49 +0000

Pheochromocytoma in Dogs

The adrenal gland is an endocrine gland in the belly that sits atop the kidney and several large blood vessels (aorta and vena cava). The adrenal gland is responsible for the regulation and distribution of several hormones, chief amongst them, cortisol and adrenaline, hormones that control the stress response and activate the fight or flight response when an animal is in danger. These hormones in turn help to control the heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. Other hormones produced in the adrenal glands include testosterone, and aldosterone, a steroi ...read more

Aggression in Dogs (Overview)

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 18:23:47 +0000

Aggression in a dog is frightening. Not only for the person who is the apparent target, but also for the pet owner. The possibility that one might be the owner of a pet that has inflicted serious harm on another person is a nightmare. More than a million people are bitten by every year, and this is probably a very low number when you take into account all the bites that are not reported. Most bite wounds are minor, but dog bites account for one percent of all emergency room admissions. Half of the victims are also children, usually under 10 years of age.

Aggresive behavioral t ...read more

Aggression in Dogs Toward Familiar People

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 18:34:08 +0000

Dominance, Fear, or Predatory Aggression in Dogs

While some consider aggression to be normal behavior in dogs, it can be impulsive, unpredictable, and even dangerous. Aggressive behavior includes growling, lip lifting, barking, snapping, lunging, and biting. With aggression directed towards family members or other people familiar to the dog, treatment is currently aimed at controlling the issue, as there is no known cure.

Symptoms and Types

It can be challenging to determine whether a dog is demonstrating abnormal aggression. Aggression is often exhibited near the do ...read more

Allergic Shock in Dogs

Fri, 27 Jun 2008 19:12:45 +0000

Anaphylaxis in Dogs

Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition that occurs when an animal reacts adversely to a particular allergen. In extreme situations, this reaction can be fatal. The condition is fairly unpredictable, as almost any substance can potentially cause a reaction. The expected outcome is often good if the reaction is caught early and treatment administered.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

Anal Gland Cancer in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 16:41:36 +0000

Adenocarcinoma, Anal Sac/Perianal in Dogs

While anal gland/sac cancer (adenocarcinoma) is not common, it is an invasive disease that does not generally have a positive outlook. Usually seen as a rectal growth (mass) on the animal, it also is common to find the disease in the lymph nodes. Due to the type of disease, it is typically malignant and can spread quickly into other areas of the animal's body. There are treatment options available, normally surgical, that can help to improve the animal's chances of survival.

The condition or disease described in this medical article c ...read more

Anal Sac Disorders in Dogs

Mon, 23 Mar 2009 17:09:58 +0000

Dogs have anal sacs on either side of the anus which fill with fluid produced by the anal glands. This fluid is assumed to be a scent marker useful for delineating territory. Anal sac disorders involve impaction of anal sac fluid, inflammation of the sac(s), and abscess of the sac(s), which can lead to anal gland rupture. Impaction is the most common disorder of the anal glands. Small breed dogs like Miniature Poodles, Toy Poodles, and Chihuahuas are more predisposed than other breeds.

Symptoms and Types

Scooting
Straining to defecate
...read more

Anemia (Methemoglobinemia) in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 14:27:26 +0000

Methemoglobinemia in Dogs

The purpose of hemoglobin in the blood is to carry oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Methemoglobin is the result of iron oxygenation, and while it is a form of hemoglobin, it does not carry oxygen. Under normal conditions, methemoglobin is converted back to hemoglobin, and a balance is maintained. But when there is too much methemoglobin in the blood, inadequate oxygenation of bodily tissues ensues. A visible sign of methemoglobinemia is when the blood becomes brownish in color, instead of the normal oxygen rich red color. Methemoglobinemia ca ...read more

Anemia Due to Bone Marrow Failure (or Toxicity) in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 19:31:36 +0000

Aplastic Anemia in Dogs

Bone marrow plays a pivotal role in the origination and constant replenishment of important cells like red blood cells (RBCs), granulocytes (or white blood cells [WBCs]), and platelets. Once these cells reach the point of maturation they are released from the marrow into the blood stream. In some mammals, it is estimated that as many as three million red blood cells per second are released into the blood circulation, demonstrating the extensive amount of work done by the bone marrow in keeping the numbers of these cells within normal ranges in the body.
...read more

Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 19:47:02 +0000

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone, produced in the kidneys, that controls the production of red blood cells. For development and maturation of red blood cells to take place, bone marrow requires an adequate supply of erythropoietin, so in cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD), where the kidney is unable to function well enough to produce adequate amounts of EPO, the marrow is likewise unable to produce an adequate supply of red blood cells. Lack of RBC production will inevitably lead to anemia in dogs that are suffering from this condition. Anemia due to CKD is usually see ...read more

Anemia Due to Deformed Red Blood Cells in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 19:25:58 +0000

Anemia, Metabolic (Anemias With Spiculated Red Cells) in Dogs

Metabolic anemia in dogs occurs as the result of any underlying disease related to the kidney, liver, or spleen by which the shape of red blood cells (RBCs) is changed. Normally, red blood cells (RBCs) in dogs are of biconcave discoid shape, but in metabolic anemia, this shape is lost and they become abnormally elongated and blunt, with finger-like projections called spicules coming out of the surface of the RBCs. These abnormalities render RBCs non-functional, and left untreated, can lead to anemia in affected dogs.
...read more

Anemia Due to Enlarged Blood Cells in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 14:44:31 +0000

Anemia, Megaloblastic (Anemia, Nuclear Maturation Defects) in Dogs

In this disease, red blood cells fail to divide and become abnormally large. These cells are also deficient in necessary DNA material. These giant cells with underdeveloped nuclei are called megaloblasts, or “big cells.” Red blood cells are mainly affected, but white blood cells and platelets can also go through changes.

Giant schnauzers seem to have an inherited tendency to have this kind of anemia. In dogs, it is generally mild, and left treated. The seriousness of the anemia can range fro ...read more

Anemia Due to Iron Deficiency in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 13:29:23 +0000

Anemia, Iron Deficiency in Dogs

When the body is deficient in iron, red cells do not develop as they should. The lack of iron causes the cells that are produced by the bone marrow to be too small, and too low in oxygen-carrying features. In adult dogs, this condition is usually caused by some kind of blood loss. It is important to recognize iron-deficiency anemia, because the underlying disease can be life-threatening.

When the body is deficient in iron, red cells do not develop as they should. The lack of iron causes the cells that are produced by the bone marrow to be ...read more

Anemia Related to the Immune System in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 19:54:05 +0000

Immune Mediated Anemia

The immune system in a dog is made up of a collection of specialized cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, which all constitute a solid defense system against a variety of infections, including bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. Antibodies are proteins secreted by specific cells of the immune system, which bind to foreign substances, known as antigens, to destroy them. A diseased condition arises when the body’s immune system mistakenly starts recognizing its own red blood cells (RBCs) as antigens and initiates their destruction. In this ...read more

Anemia, Nonregenerative in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 15:16:26 +0000

Non-regenerative Anemia in Dogs

A decrease in red blood cells is called anemia. Typically, bone marrow will respond to this decrease by increasing red blood cell production. However, in non-regenerative anemia, the bone marrow response is inadequate when compared to the increased need. For this reason, dogs who suffer from anemia caused by lead poisoning are put in a very dangerous situation. Also, dogs that become anemic over a period of time will fare better than those who have a sudden onset of anemia. When the anemia progresses slowly, the body has time to adjust to the decreased ...read more

Anemia, Regenerative in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 15:39:29 +0000

Regenerative Anemia in Dogs

Blood is made up a cellular portion, and a liquid portion called plasma.

Blood is made up a cellular portion, and a liquid portion called plasma. This cellular makeup of blood includes the red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, platelets, which make it possible for blood to clot, and white blood cells, the cells responsible for fighting disease and infection. When there are not enough red blood cells, the body is said to be anemic. Anemia is generally caused by an underlying disease.

Anemia comes in two forms:

< ...read more

Antibiotic-resistant Bacterial Infections in Dogs

Mon, 31 May 2010 22:12:31 +0000

L-Form Bacterial Infections in Dogs

L-form bacteria are formed as a spontaneous variant of bacteria with defective or absent cell walls, or when cell wall synthesis is inhibited or impaired by antibiotics (e.g., penicillin), specific immunoglobulins, or lysosomal enzymes that degrade the cell walls. L-form bacteria are defective variations of regular bacterial cells, which can be almost any type of bacteria. L-forms are different from most other forms of bacteria in the respect that cell walls are an important component of organized cell division. While L-forms are still able to divid ...read more

Antibodies that Attack Blood Cells at Lower Temperatures in Dogs

Wed, 22 Apr 2009 20:10:50 +0000

Cold Agglutinin Disease in Dogs

The term agglutinin refers to an antibody that causes antigens, such as red blood cells or bacteria, to adhere to each each other. Cold agglutinins with low thermal capacity are usually associated with direct red blood cell agglutination (adhesion) at low body temperatures in the peripheral blood vessel network (i.e., the vessels outside of the main circulatory network). Cold limbs or other peripheral clotting phenomena are initiated or intensified by exposure to cold. This is a rare type II autoimmune disorder in which antibodies that attack red blood ...read more

Anticoagulant Poisoning in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 17:31:56 +0000

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Poisoning in Dogs

The purpose of an anticoagulant is to prevent the coagulation (clotting) of blood. These agents are commonly used in rat and mouse poisons, and are one of the most common household poisons, accounting for a large number of accidental poisoning among dogs. When ingested by an animal, anticoagulants block the synthesis of vitamin K, an essential component for normal blood clotting, which results in spontaneous and uncontrolled bleeding.

Normally, dogs that have mild anticoagulant poisoning will not show signs of poisoning for several ...read more

Antifeeze Poisoning in Dogs

Thu, 28 Jan 2010 19:40:04 +0000

Ethylene Glycol Poisoning in Dogs

Ethylene glycol poisoning is a potentially fatal condition that results from the ingestion of substances containing ethylene glycol, an organic compound commonly seen in antifreeze. (In addition to being found in the car's engines to prevent freezing and overheating, it is used in hydraulic brake fluids.) Dogs usually come into contact with antifreeze when it leaks from a car's engine onto the ground, when it is spilled onto the ground while being added to a car's engine, or when the container is left uncapped.

Antifreeze is recognizable by i ...read more

Anxiety and Compulsive Disorders in Dogs

Fri, 20 Mar 2009 21:05:16 +0000

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Dogs

Compulsive disorder is characterized by a repetitious, relatively unchanging sequence of activities or movements that has no obvious purpose or function. Although the behavior is usually derived from normal maintenance behaviors (such as grooming, eating, and walking), the repetitive behavior interferes with normal behavioral functioning. It is referred to as “OCD” or “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.”

The most commonly observed obsessive-compulsive behaviors are spinning, tail chasing, self-mutilation, halluci ...read more

Arrhythmias after Blunt Heart Trauma in Dogs

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 01:13:47 +0000

Traumatic Myocarditis in Dogs

Traumatic myocarditis is the term applied to the syndrome of arrhythmias – irregular heartbeats – that sometimes complicates a blunt trauma injury to the heart. It is a misnomer, because heart muscle injuries are more likely to take the form of cell death than inflammation (as the term myocarditis suggests). Direct heart injury may not be necessary for development of post traumatic arrhythmia. Non-heart related conditions are likely to have equal or greater importance in causing arrhythmias.

The prevalence of serious arrhythmia ...read more

Arsenic Poisoning in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 20:35:59 +0000

Arsenic Intoxication in Dogs

Arsenic is a heavy metal mineral that is commonly included in chemical compounds for consumer products, such as herbicides (chemicals to kill unwanted plants), insecticides (chemicals to kill insects), wood preservatives, and in some drug formulas for treating blood parasites like heartworm. In parasitic treatment drugs, the level of arsenic is in sub-lethal ranges and will not harm a dog, but over-dosage can lead to toxicity. In most cases, dogs accidentally ingest products containing arsenic when they gain access to such compounds.

Symptoms and ...read more

Artery Inflammation in Dogs

Thu, 11 Sep 2008 17:59:04 +0000

Juvenile Polyarteritis and Beagle Pain Syndrome in Dogs

Juvenile polyarteritis, also referred to medically as beagle pain syndrome, is a systemic disease that is seemingly of genetic origin, affecting only certain breeds. It is most commonly reported in young beagles, although a similar syndrome has been reported in other breeds, most notably boxers and Bernese mountain dogs. This disease is rare, and can be defined as a simultaneous inflammation of an artery, or several arteries, with irritation, or infection, of the small vessels in the spinal cord in the neck and in the heart.
&n ...read more

Arthritis of Multiple Joints in Dogs

Mon, 10 Nov 2008 15:40:02 +0000

Nonerosive, Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis in Dogs

Nonerosive immune-mediated polyarthritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the diarthroidal joints (movable joints: shoulder, knee, etc.), which occurs in multiple joints, and in which the cartilage of the joint (articular cartilage) is not eroded away. A type III hypersensitivity reaction, which causes antibodies to be bound to an antigen, in this case joint tissue, causes this condition.

These antibody-antigen complexes are called immune complexes, and they are deposited within the synovial membrane (where the fl ...read more

Aspirin Poisoning in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 16:49:40 +0000

Aspirin Toxicity in Dogs

Aspirin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, has beneficial effects including anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, it can also be toxic. Once ingested, aspirin forms salicylic acid, which is then distributed throughout the body.

Dog owners must therefore follow their veterinarian's orders strictly if they use aspirin for any reason.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit ...read more

Bacterial Infection (Actinomycosis) in Dogs

Tue, 18 May 2010 02:48:15 +0000

Actinomycosis in Dogs

Actinomycosis is an infectious disease caused by gram positive, branching, pleomorphic (can change shape somewhat between a rod and coccus), rod-shaped bacteria of the genus Actinomyces, most commonly the A. viscosus species. Able to survive with little (microaerophilic) or no oxygen (anaerobic), Actinomyces is rarely found as the single bacterial agent in a lesion. It is more often a component of a polymicrobial infection with several bacteria present. In fact, there may even be synergism between Actinomyces and other organism ...read more

Bacterial Infection (Campylobacteriosis) in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 16:55:17 +0000

Campylobacteriosis in Dogs

Campylobacteriosis is a bacterial infection prevalent in puppies younger than six months old. The bacteria which causes the disease can even be found in the gut (gastrointestinal tract) of healthy dogs and other mammals.

Up to 49 percent of dogs carry campylobacteriosis, shedding it into their feces for other animals to contract. Because of this, humans can contract the disease if they do not practice proper hygiene after coming into contact with an infected animal.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both ...read more

Bacterial Infection (Metritis) of the Uterus in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 20:22:05 +0000

Metritis in Dogs

Metritis is inflammation of the endometrium (lining) of the uterus due to a bacterial infection, usually occurring within a week after a dog has given birth. It can also develop after a natural or medical abortion, miscarriage, or after a non-sterile artificial insemination. The bacteria that are most often responsible for infection of the uterus are gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, which often spreads into the blood, causing a blood infection. The infection may lead to sterility, and if left untreated, septic shock, a lethal condition, may foll ...read more

Bacterial Infection (Nocardiosis) in Dogs

Mon, 24 May 2010 19:20:36 +0000

Nocardiosis in Dogs

Nocardiosis is an uncommon infectious disease affecting several body systems, including the respiratory, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems. Both dogs and cats may become exposed to the infectious, saphrophytic organism, which nourishes itself from dead or decaying matter in the soil. Typically, the exposure occurs either through open wounds or via inhalation.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms of nocardiosis are largely dependent on the site of infection. If ...read more

Bacterial Infection (Pyelonephritis) of the Kidneys in Dogs

Tue, 11 Nov 2008 17:24:56 +0000

Pyelonephritis in Dogs

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, the funnel-like part of the ureter in the dog's kidney.

Normally, if pyelonephritis takes place, it is due to an impairment of the dog's defenses: ureteral movement, blood supply to the kidneys, or the flap valves found between the kidney and ureters.

Pyelonephritis can also develop due to kidney stones or when microbes climb upward, spreading a lower urinary tract infection to the upper urinary tract. Blockage of an infected kidney or ureter can lead to more serious complications: s ...read more

Bacterial Infection (Pyoderma) of the Skin in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 20:16:34 +0000

Pyoderma in Dogs

When a dog's skin is cut or wounded, there is an increased risk of infection. Pyoderma refers to a bacterial infection of the skin that is very common in dogs. Lesions and pustules (inflamed pus-filled swelling) on the skin, and in some cases partial hair loss, often characterize the infection. Treatment is typically given on an outpatient basis and prognosis is good.

The condition described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how pyoderma affects cats, please visit

Bacterial Infection (Streptococcus) in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 20:26:11 +0000

Streptococcal Infections in Dogs

Streptococcal infection refers to a bacterial infection caused by streptococcus. Puppies and older dogs are most suscetible to developing this disease, as their immune systems are not fully developed or have declined.

The condition described in this medical article is common in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how it affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

Symptoms and Types

...read more

Bacterial Infection of the Breast in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jun 2010 02:03:05 +0000

Mastitis in Dogs

Mastitis is a bacterial infection of one or more lactating (milk producing) glands in the breasts. It is often the result of an ascending infection, trauma to the lactating gland, or an infection that has been spread through the blood stream.

Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococci, and β-hemolytic Streptococci are some of the main bacteria that are found to be most commonly involved. It is a potentially life-threatening infection, in some cases leading to septic shock, the direct effect of the mammary glands with sy ...read more

Bad Breath (Chronic) in Dogs

Wed, 05 Nov 2008 18:33:54 +0000

Halitosis in Dogs

Halitosis is the medical term used to describe an offensive odor that comes from the mouth, producing bad breath. A number of causes may be responsible for this condition, notably periodontal disease, a disease resulting from bacteria in the mouth. Bacteria is also associated with plaque and cavities.

Small animal breeds and brachycephalic breeds (characterized by their short-nosed, flat-faced features; e.g., the

Baldness and Hormone-Related Skin Disorders in Dogs

Thu, 26 Feb 2009 16:03:49 +0000

Hormone Responsive Dermatosis and Alopecia in Dogs

Alopecia and dermatosis are skin and hair disorders related to an imbalance of reproductive hormones. Alopecia is characterized by a loss of hair leading to baldness, and dermatosis is characterized by a diseased condition of the skin. There are a lot of reasons for why a dog would have these types of reactions, but if all indications point to an imbalance in hormones related to reproductive functioning, your veterinarian will try supplemental therapy to either lower or raise hormone levels to a normal amount. Identification of hormon ...read more

Bile Duct Cancer in Dogs

Sun, 20 Dec 2009 13:49:27 +0000

Cholangiocellular Carcinoma in Dogs Bile duct carcinoma is a malignant cancer that typically arises from the the epithelia, the cellular lining of the hepatic (liver) bile ducts. This cancer occurs more often in the intrahepatic bile ducts (within the liver) rather than in the extrahepatic bile ducts (outside the liver). In dogs, they are more likely to be found in the left lobe of the liver. Complications of this disease include a failure of the bile to pass through the bile ducts due to the mass that is blocking the duct. Bile duct carcinomas are aggressive, with metastasis oc ...read more

Bile Duct Obstruction in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 16:14:14 +0000

Cholestasis in Dogs

Bile, a bitter, high alkaline fluid that is secreted by the liver, serves important functions in the digestion and removal of waste materials from the body. Once bile has been formed in the liver, it is passed into the gallbladder, where it is held until food is digested. It is then released into the small intestine, both to aid in the digestion of food and to emulsify the food so that it can be used appropriately by the body, or carried out of the body as waste.

Cholestasis is a term used to denote a condition in which obstruction of the bile duct prevent ...read more

Birth Difficulties in Dogs

Mon, 03 Aug 2009 14:44:09 +0000

Dystocia in Dogs

Dystocia is the medical term used to diagnose a difficult birthing experience. This condition may occur as a result of maternal or fetal factors, and can occur during any stage of the labor. Abnormalities of presentation, posture, and the position of the fetus within the uterus can negatively affect the temporal relationship between the birthing offspring and the maternal birth canal.

Uterine inertia (inactivity) may be primary or secondary. Primary inertia is symptomized by a failure of the body to commence synchronous uterine contractions, and secondary ine ...read more

Black Widow Spider Bite Poisoning in Dogs

Mon, 22 Feb 2010 20:49:57 +0000

Black Widow Spider Venom Toxicosis in Dogs

In the U.S., the three significant species of Latrodectus, or widow spiders, to watch for are the Western widow, the Northern widow, and the Southern widow spiders, all of which are highly venomous to domestic pets and humans. The Western widow is found in western regions of the United Sates; the Northern widow is found in the northernmost U.S. and southeast Canada; and the Southern widow is found in the southeast U.S., from Florida to NewYo ...read more

Black, Tarry Feces due to Presence of Blood in Dogs

Fri, 13 Nov 2009 22:10:23 +0000

Melena in Dogs

The term melena is used to describe a black, tarry appearing feces, which occurs due to the presence of digested blood in the intestines, or to internal bleeding that has passed into the intestine.

Melena is typically seen due to bleeding in the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. It has also been seen in dogs after they have ingested a sufficient amount of blood from the oral cavity or respiratory tract. It is not a disease in itself but a symptom of some other underlying disease. The dark color of the blood is due to the oxidation of iron in the hemo ...read more

Bladder Inflammation with Polyps in Dogs

Fri, 10 Oct 2008 16:56:30 +0000

Polypoid Cystitis in Dogs

Polypoid cystitis is a condition marked by a chronically inflamed and/or infected urinary bladder. This disease is characterized by polypoid (round and fleshy) protrusions scattered over the surface of the bladder. These protrusions can lead to ulcers in the lining of the urinary bladder, which will result in occasional blood in the urine.

Symptoms and Types

Bloody urine
Frequent urination
Difficulty urinating
Urethral obstruction from polyps (pet stops urinating and becomes very ill)
...read more

Bleeding Disorder in Dogs

Mon, 29 Jun 2009 19:28:35 +0000

Von Willebrand's Disease in Dogs

Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) is a blood disease caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), an adhesive glycoprotein in the blood required for normal platelet binding (i.e., clotting) at the sites of small blood vessel injuries. In addition, vWF is a carrier protein for coagulation Factor VIII (necessary for blood to clot). A lack of vWF impairs platelet stickiness and clumping. Similar to hemophilia in humans, this condition can lead to excessive bleeding following an injury, due to the lack of clotting.

VWF is an autosomal ...read more

Bleeding of the Retina in the Eye in Dogs

Thu, 03 Sep 2009 20:28:32 +0000

Retinal Hemorrhage in Dogs

The retina is the innermost lining of the eye, laying just beneath the middle choroid coat, which in turn lies between the retina and the sclera – the white lining of the outer eye. The choroid coat contains connective tissue and blood vessels, which deliver nutrients and oxygen to the outer layers of the retina. In some cases the retina may separate from this layer. This is termed retinal detachment. Retinal hemorrhage is a condition in which the innermost lining of the eye has a local or generalized area of bleeding into that lining. The causes of re ...read more

Bleeding Under the Skin of Dogs

Mon, 19 Apr 2010 18:01:17 +0000

Petechia, Ecchymosis, and Bruising in Dogs

Petechia, ecchymosis, and bruising are all identified by skin or mucous membrane discoloration, typically due to injuries that lead to bleeding (hemorrhaging) under the affected area. More specifically, bruising is an injury to the skin, which causes blood vessels to rupture and the discoloration of tissue due to the presence of red blood cells; petechia is a small red or purple spot on the body caused by minor hemorrhaging; and ecchymosis is a purplish patch under the moist tissues of the body (mucous membranes) or under the skin. Petechia, ...read more

Blind Quiet Eye in Dogs

Fri, 28 May 2010 13:49:16 +0000

Blind quiet eye is the loss of vision in one or both eyes without ocular vascular injection or other apparent signs of eye inflammation. This may occur due to abnormalities in retinal image detection, retinal focusing, optic nerve transmission, or simply the central nervous system's inability to interpret images correctly.

Symptoms and Types

Because Blind Quiet Eye directly affects the dog's vision, it may display several signs, including:

Clumsy behavior (e.g., bumping into objects, tripping, falling)
Decreased or absent menace ...read more

Blood Clot in the Lungs in Dogs

Wed, 12 Nov 2008 17:11:05 +0000

Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Dogs

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) occurs when a blood clot lodges in one of the arteries that feed into the lungs. Slow-flowing blood and blood vessel damage, in addition to blood which clots too easily, can predispose a dog to thrombus (blood clot) formation. Most of the time, pulmonary PTE is caused by another underlying disease process.

Pulmonary thromboemboli (blood clots) can originate in the right atrium of the heart, or in many of the major veins throughout the body. As the dog's body makes oxygenated blood to deliver to the heart and lu ...read more

Blood in the Chest in Dogs

Mon, 31 Aug 2009 18:16:25 +0000

Hemothorax in Dogs

Hemothorax is a condition that may occur suddenly (acute) or over a long period of time (chronic), and it can occur for a variety of reasons. Hemothorax is the medical term used to identify a condition in which blood has collected in the chest cavity, or thorax. There does not appear to be a particular age, gender, or breed of dog that is more predisposed to this condition than another.

Symptoms and Types

Acute onset:

Symptoms of decreased blood volume usually occur before sufficient blood volume accumulates in the pleural s ...read more

Blood in the Front of the Eye in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 15:59:51 +0000

Hyphema

Hyphema, or blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, is a common condition among dogs. However, hyphema is a clinical sign and not a specific disease.

Symptoms and Types

The symptoms of hyphema are dependent on the extent of bleeding, whether vision has been impaired, and whether your dog has other, underlying systemic diseases.

Common signs that are observed during a physical examination are:

Blood within the anterior chamber of the eye
Corneal edema or corneal lesions
Elevated intraocular pressu ...read more

Blood in the Urine in Dogs

Tue, 21 Apr 2009 20:23:47 +0000

Hematuria in Dogs

Hematuria is a condition which causes blood to fall into the urine, and which may indicate a serious underlying disease process. Familial hematuria (a condition in which blood in the urine runs in certain families of animals) is usually implicated in young dogs, while cancer is the usual cause in older dogs. Females are at greater risk for urinary tract infections that lead to blood in the urine than are males.

Symptoms

Symptoms of hematuria include blood in the urine, a sign in itself. Red-tinged urine, with or without abnormal frequent passage of ...read more

Blood Related Deficiencies in Dogs

Thu, 06 Nov 2008 17:59:07 +0000

Pancytopenia in Dogs

The term pancytopenia does not refer to a disease itself, but rather to the simultaneous development of a number of blood-related deficiencies: non-regenerative anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The root word pan refers to all or whole, and cytopenia refers to a lack of cells circulating in the blood.

Nonregenerative anemia is a condition characterized by a low red-blood cell count and the bone marrow’s lack of response to produce additionally needed ...read more

Blood Thickening in Dogs

Fri, 19 Mar 2010 15:21:08 +0000

Polycythemia Vera in Dogs

Polycythemia vera is a blood disorder that involves the thickening of the blood due to an overproduction of red blood cells by the bone marrow. It is primarily seen in older dogs.

Symptoms and Types

The following symptoms gradually appear but run a chronic course:

Weakness
Depression
Lack of appetite (anorexia)
Redness of skin (erythema)
Increased thirst and urination (

Blood Transfusion Reactions in Dogs

Mon, 11 Aug 2008 17:29:22 +0000

There are a variety of reactions that can occur with the transfusion of any blood product. Most reactions usually occur during or shortly after transfusions. There are a variety of reactions that can occur with the transfusion of any blood product. Most reactions usually occur during or shortly after transfusions. Purebred dogs, especially, that have had previous blood transfusions are at a higher risk for severe reactions to transfusion than other dogs. The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn mor ...read more

Blue Skin and Mucus Membranes in Dogs

Tue, 19 Jan 2010 19:40:11 +0000

Cyanosis in Dogs

Cyanosis is a medical condition characterized by blue colored skin and mucous membranes, which occurs as the result of inadequate amounts of oxygenated hemoglobin -- the molecule which carries oxygen to the body tissues -- or due to hemoglobin abnormalities.

Unfortunately, dogs that are suffering from cyanosis caused by advanced lung/airway disease and severe heart disease have a poor long-term prognosis.

Symptoms and Types

Heart murmur
Crackles heard when listening to the lungs
Muffled heart sou ...read more

Bone Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs

Tue, 20 Oct 2009 16:42:17 +0000

Chondrosarcoma of the Bone in Dogs

Chondrosarcoma (CSA) of the bone is a fast spreading and malignant form of cancer, which, if not diagnosed and treated early, can be life threatening. Chondrosarcoma arises from the cartilage of the body, the connective tissue that is found between the bones and joints, often metastasizing to other parts of the body, including the ribs. This is the most common rib tumor found in dogs, and the second most common primary tumor in dogs, representing 5 to 10 percent of all primary bone tumors.

The majority of CSAs involves flat bones, with about ...read more

Bone Cancer (Fibrosarcoma) in Dogs

Mon, 03 Aug 2009 15:03:38 +0000

Fibrosarcoma of the Bone in Dogs

Fibrosarcoma is a result of the abnormal division of fibroblast cells – the cells that are most prevalent in the connective tissue of the body, and normally this type of tumor originates in the soft tissue. In some rare cases, however, a fibrosarcoma tumor originates in the bone, weakening the structure of the bone, and possibly leading to fractures, and even amputation of the limb. In most cases fibrosarcoma of the bone is benign and non-metastasizing, but there are cases where the tumor is malignant and metastasizes throughout the body, into t ...read more

Bone Cancer (Hemangiosarcoma) in Dogs

Fri, 05 Feb 2010 17:07:38 +0000

Hemangiosarcoma of the Bone in Dogs

Hemangiosarcoma is a fast spreading tumor of the endothelial cells -- a group of cells that form to line the inner surface of blood vessels, including veins, arteries, intestines, and the bronchi of lungs. Hemangiosarcomas affect the bones and may compromise the integrity of the bone involved, resulting in loss of strength leading to bone fractures. Such fractures may be seen without any prior trauma and are characteristic of cancers that affect the bones. This tumor commonly affects the bones of the limbs but may also affect other bones in the body ...read more

Bone Deformity and Dwarfism in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 20:05:02 +0000

Osteochondrodysplasia and Achondroplasia in Dogs

Osteochondrodysplasia (OCD) is a growth and developmental abnormality of the bone and cartilage, which results in lack of normal bone growth and bone deformities. Where osteo refers to the bone, chondro refers to the cartilage, and dysplasia is a general term that is applied to abnormal growth. Dog breeds that tend to be predisposed to this disorder are great Pyrenees, Alaskan malamutes, Samoyeds, Scottish deerhounds, Labrador retrievers, basset hounds, and Norwegian elkhounds.

Achondroplasia is a form of osteochondrodyspla ...read more

Bone Infection in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 20:14:41 +0000

Osteomyelitis in Dogs

Inflammation of the bone or bone marrow most commonly occurs due to bacterial infections, but also shows up rarely as a fungal infections. This type of infection is referred to as osteomyelitis. The inflammation may be due to an acute (sudden) infection, or to a chronic infection. Infections from other areas of body may reach the bones or bone marrow through the bloodstream, or the infection may come from another infection that is close in proximity to the bone. Another common cause of such infections is road-side accidents or injuries involving the bone and soft ...read more

Bone Inflammation (Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy) in Puppies

Mon, 06 Oct 2008 21:31:32 +0000

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy in Puppies

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy is a disease of the front limbs in large-breed puppies. Affected puppies suffer from a noninfectious inflammation of the bony spicules (pointed, mineral structures) in the metaphysis of the long bones. The metaphysis is the conical part of the bone between the epiphysis (the growing end of the bone), and the diaphyses (the shaft of the long bone). The most severely affected bones are those that grow most rapidly. Swelling around the metaphyses, and bone deposition, cause widening of the metaphyses. Tiny fractures of th ...read more

Bone Inflammation (Panosteitis) in Dogs

Mon, 08 Sep 2008 18:56:09 +0000

Panosteitis in Dogs

Panosteitis refers to a short-lived (self-limiting) and painful condition characterized by limping and lameness. It is a condition that affects the long bones in the legs of young dogs, usually between the ages of 5 to 18 months. It can occur with any breed, but it is more common in medium- to large-sized dog breeds.

The inflammation can affect one or more of the dog's limbs, making it challenging and painful to move around. With treatment, the inflammation can be reduced and the animal can regain full function and activity.

Panosteitis can affect ...read more

Bone Marrow Cancer (Myeloma) in Dogs

Sun, 23 May 2010 20:11:55 +0000

Multiple Myeloma in Dogs

Plasma cells are specialized white-blood cells, lymphocytes that have been altered to produce immunoglobulin, an immune protein or antibody necessary for fighting disease. Multiple myeloma is an uncommon cancer that is derived from a clonal population of cancerous (malignant) plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Three of four defining features must be present for a diagnosis of multiple myeloma: immune protein from a single clone of cells (known as a monoclonal gammopathy), seen as a spike in the gamma region of a protein analysis of the blood (known as a ...read more

Bone Overgrowth in Dogs

Fri, 26 Mar 2010 19:13:14 +0000

Hypertrophic Osteopathy in Dogs

Hypertrophic osteopathy refers to an abnormal enlargement of bone due to new bone formation. It commonly occurs in humans and dogs and has been reported in dogs, horse, cow, sheep, and various other more exotic species.

In dogs the disease is characterized by swelling, primarily affecting all four limbs. Subtle in onset, it is often mistaken for early arthritis. Neoplasia is a common cause of this disease, and therefore, more common in older dogs as neoplasia is more common in older dogs.

Symptoms and Types

Letha ...read more

Bone Tumors/Cancer in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 20:49:21 +0000

Osteosarcoma in Dogs

Osteosarcoma refers to the most common bone tumor found in dogs. Bone cancer can affect any breed of dog, but it is more commonly found in the larger breeds.

The disease is extremely aggressive and has a tendency to spread rapidly into other parts of the dog's body (metastasize). There are treatment options available, but generally the long term prognosis for the animal is poor.

Bone cancer can be found in cats as well, but it is rare. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

Botulism in Dogs

Sun, 20 Dec 2009 14:44:22 +0000

Clostridium botulinum in Dogs

Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic disease in dogs, related to ingestion of raw meat and dead animals. Typically, symptoms within a few hours to six days after eating spoiled animal meat that is infected with the Clostridium botulinum type C preformed neurotoxin. This neurotoxin causes spreading weakness, starting in the back legs and ascending to the trunk, front legs and neck. Paralysis of all four limbs is the next symptom.

Dogs generally are resistant to the more severe effects of Clostridium botulinum type C. ...read more

Brain and Spinal Cord Inflammation (Meningoencephalomyelitis, Eosinophilic) in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 14:06:33 +0000

Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs

Eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis is a condition that causes the inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and their membranes due to abnormally high numbers of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Often, the increase of eosinophils is in response to a parasite infection, tumor or allergic reaction in the dog.

Although dogs of any age may succumb to eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis, Golden retrievers seem to be predisposed to the condition.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms vary in locat ...read more

Brain and Spinal Cord Inflammation in Dogs

Wed, 28 Apr 2010 12:30:40 +0000

Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs

Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to the formation of granuloma(s) -- a ball-like collection of immune cells formed when the immune system tries to wall off foreign substances -- which can be localized, diffused, or involving multiple locations, such as the brain, spinal cord and surrounding membranes (meninges).

This disease is the most well recognized and accepted CNS inflammatory disorder in dogs. However, dogs between the ages of 6 mont ...read more

Brain Cell Degeneration in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 19:53:28 +0000

Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in Dogs

The term abiotrophy is used to denote loss of function due to degeneration of cells or tissues without known reasons. Neuroaxonal dystrophy is a group of inherited abiotrophies affecting different parts of brain in dogs. Rottweilers, collies, German shepherds, chihuahuas, and boxers are some of the breeds known to be predisposed to this inherited disorder of the brain.

Symptoms and Types

The symptoms depend on the part of brain being affected.

Uncoordinated movements
Abnormal placement of limbs while ...read more

Brain Disorder Due to Liver Disease in Dogs

Mon, 31 Aug 2009 19:56:16 +0000

Hepatic Encephalopathy in Dogs

Hepatic encephalopathy is a metabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. It develops secondary to liver disease (known as hepatopathy). Encephalopathy is the medical term for any disorder of the brain, and hepatic refers to the liver. Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by an accumulation of ammonia in the system due to the liver's inability to rid the body of the substance.

The liver is the largest gland in the body, performing a number of essential functions, including the production of bile (a fluid substance involved in the diges ...read more

Brain Inflammation Due to Parasitic Infection in Dogs

Thu, 27 May 2010 00:58:50 +0000

Encephalitis Secondary to Parasitic Migration in Dogs

Brain inflammation, also known as encephalitis, may be due to a variety of factors. For instance, parasites can migrate into the dog's central nervous system (CNS), gain entry via blood or through adjacent tissues, including the middle ear, natural opening in the skull, nasal cavities and cribriform plate (part of the skull), or open fontanelles, also called “soft spots.”

These parasites may normally affect another ...read more

Brain Inflammation in Dogs

Mon, 26 Apr 2010 11:46:48 +0000

Encephalitis in Dogs

The term “encephalitis” refers to an inflammation of the brain. However, it also may be accompanied by the inflammation of spinal cord (myelitis), and/or the inflammation of the meninges (meningitis), membranes which cover the brain and spinal cord.

German short-haired pointers, Maltese, and Yorkshire terriers are all found to be predisposed to encephalitis.

Symptoms and Types

Although symptoms may vary depending on the portion of brain affected, they typically appear suddenly and are rapidly progressive. Such symptoms includ ...read more

Brain Injury in Dogs

Thu, 15 Apr 2010 18:24:44 +0000

Dogs can incur brain injuries from a variety of causes, including severe hyperthermia or hypothermia and prolonged seizures. Primary brain injuries, for example, involve direct trauma to the brain, which once acquired, cannot be altered. Secondary brain injury, meanwhile, is the alteration of brain tissue that occurs after primary injury, but this form of injury can be managed, prevented, and improved with optimal supportive care and treatment.

Symptoms and Types

Being that it is a vital organ, the brain requires constant supply of oxygen and nutrition. Any deficiency ...read more

Brain Tissue Inflammation and Death (Breed Specific) in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 19:24:58 +0000

Breed Specific Necrotizing Encephalitis in Dogs

Necrotizing encephalitis is inflammation of the brain with concurrent necrosis (death) of brain tissue. It is seen only in a few breeds of dogs, including pugs, Yorkshire terriers, and Maltese. It is also occasionally seen in chihuahuas and shi-tzus. Symptoms vary in different breeds.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms depend on the area of the brain that is affected, but may include:

Abnormal behavior
Seizures
Circling
Blindness

Causes
&nbs ...read more

Brain Tissue Undervelopment in Dogs

Tue, 24 Mar 2009 16:24:34 +0000

Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Dogs

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a condition in which parts of the cerebellum have not completely developed. The cerebellum makes up a large part of the brain, lying under the cerebrum and toward the back, above and behind the brainstem. This condition can occur due to intrinsic (genetic) causes, or to extrinsic causes like infections, toxins or nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms become visible when the puppies begin to stand and walk, around six weeks of age. Cerebellar hypoplasia is hereditary in

Brain Tumor (Astrocytoma) in Dogs

Tue, 18 May 2010 03:15:44 +0000

Astrocytoma in Dogs

Astrocytomas are brain tumors that affect the organ's glial cells, which surround nerve cells (neurons), giving them support and electrically insulating them. It is the most common primary neoplasm occurring the brain of dogs. However, an astrocytoma can also be rarely found in the spinal cord, and there was one reported case of an astrocytoma located in the retina.

Symptoms and Types

The astrocytoma's biologic behavior depends on the tumor's location and degree of lack of cell differentiation (graded I–IV, from best to worst prognosis ...read more

Brain Tumors in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 16:44:24 +0000

A tumor is defined as an abnormal growth of cells, and may be classified as primary or secondary. A primary brain tumor originates from cells normally found within the brain and its membranes. A secondary brain tumor, on the other hand, is either cancer that has spread to the brain (a process known as metastasis) from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body, or is a tumor that affects the brain by extending into brain tissue from an adjacent non-nervous system tissue, such as bone.

Brain tumors appear to be more common in dogs than other pets. Dogs older than five years are more ...read more

Breathing Difficulties in Dogs

Fri, 19 Jun 2009 21:19:58 +0000

Dyspnea, Tachypnea and Panting in Dogs

Troubled or labored breathing is medically referred to as dyspnea, and excessively rapid breathing is medically referred to as tachypnea (also, polypnea). The respiratory system has many parts, including the nose, throat (pharynx and larynx), windpipe, and lungs. Air comes in through the nose and is then carried down into the lungs, through a process referred to as inspiration. In the lungs, the oxygen is transferred to the red blood cells. The red blood cells then carry the oxygen to other organs in the body. This is all part of the physical pro ...read more

Breathing Problem in Short-Nose Breed Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 16:26:04 +0000

Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome in Dogs

Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome is the medical term related to various upper airway problems found in short-nosed, flat-faced dog breeds such as the Pekingese. A brachycephalic (meaning to having a short, broad head) breed may experience partial obstruction of the upper airway due to physical characteristics such as narrowed nostrils, an overly long soft palate, or collapse of the voice box (also known as the larynx). Breathing difficulties may also occur because of an abnormally s ...read more

Breeding Timing in Dogs

Tue, 16 Dec 2008 19:35:59 +0000

Breeding Timing To Maximize Fertility in Dogs

Breeding timing refers to the purposeful timing of insemination during the estrus (heat) period in order to maximize fertility and the chances of conception. This technique may be utilized to ensure conception in dogs.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

Symptoms and Type ...read more

Brown Recluse Spider Bite Poisoning in Dogs

Mon, 22 Feb 2010 21:18:09 +0000

Brown Recluse Spider Venom Toxicosis in Dogs The brown recluse, also known as the “fiddle-back,” or “violin” spider on account of the violin-shaped pattern on its back, is a member of the genus Loxosceles reclusa. It is generally found in the Midwest section of the U.S. - west to Colorado and New Mexico, and east to Northern Georgia, and throughout the southern U.S. and up the Mississippi River valley to southern Wisconsin. As its name suggests, it is brown ...read more

Calcium Buildup in Lungs of Dogs

Mon, 17 Nov 2008 21:38:01 +0000

Pulmonary Mineralizations in Dogs

Pulmonary mineralization is characterized by both calcification (mineral calcium build up in soft tissue) and ossification (connective tissues, such as cartilage, are turned to bone or bone-like tissue) of the lungs.

This condition generally affects older dogs and it may be generalized or localized. But if the mineralization is discrete, meaning that it in only one place, individual mineral deposits can be indentified. If mineralization is diffuse, however, it will spread out to more than one location, making it impossible to identify the ind ...read more

Calcium Deposits in the Urinary Tract in Dogs

Tue, 09 Sep 2008 15:47:25 +0000

Urolithiasis, Calcium Oxalate in Cats and Dogs

Urolithiasis is described as the presence of stones (calcium deposits) in the urinary tract. The development of these stones is more common in dogs than in cats, and in older animals. In most cases the stones can be removed safely, giving the animal a positive prognosis.

Causes

The primary cause for the formation of stones is high levels of calcium in the urine. Some risk factors can include calcium supplements, excessive dietary protein or Vitamin D, high levels of steroids, Vitamin B6 deficient diets, and the consumpti ...read more

Cancer of the Blood Vessel Cells in Dogs

Fri, 13 Nov 2009 21:23:32 +0000

Hemangiopericytoma in Dogs

A hemangiopericytoma is metastatic vascular tumor arising from the pericyte cells, where hemangio refers to the blood vessels, and a pericyte is a type of connective tissue cell.

Hemangiopericytoma is malignant tumor that affects the cells surrounding the small blood vessels (capillaries) in subcutaneous tissue. A pericyte might best be described as a non-specialized cell. It is one of the original embryonic cells, but instead of taking on a specific function, it remains in its first stage, waiting until it is needed. The function of the pericyte is ...read more

Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Growths in a Dogs's Mouth

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 20:25:32 +0000

Oral Masses (Malignant and Benign) in Dogs

An oral mass refers to a growth in a dog's mouth or surrounding head region. While not all growths (masses) are cancerous, oral tumors can become malignant and fatal if they are not treated early and aggressively.

Oral tumors can be found in the dog's lips, tongue, gums and lymph regions surrounding the mouth. The disease is treatable and has a high success rate when the tumor is discovered and treated early.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn ...read more

Cancerous Lymphoid Cells in the Lungs of Dogs

Sat, 10 Apr 2010 19:34:12 +0000

Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis in Dogs Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare disease seen in dogs that involves the infiltration of the lungs by cancerous lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells). Metastasis may occue in other body sites and organs like the liver, heart, spleen, pancreas, and kidney. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is not breed- or gender-specific, but is more common in large and purebred dogs. Symptoms and Types Respiratory symptoms are often seen which aggravate over time. The following are a few of the more common symptoms related to this disease: ...read more

Canine Coronavirus Infection in Dogs

Fri, 08 Aug 2008 19:21:05 +0000

Canine Coronavirus Infection in Dogs

A canine coronavirus infection (CCV) is a highly contagious intestinal disease that can be found in dogs all around the world. This particular virus is specific to dogs, both wild and domestic. The coronavirus replicates itself inside the small intestine and is limited to the upper two-thirds of the small intestine and local lymph nodes. A CCV infection is generally considered to be a relatively mild disease with sporadic symptoms, or none at all. But if a CCV infection occurs simultaneously with a viral

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 19:04:10 +0000

Carbon Monoxide Toxicosis in Dogs

Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless, non-irritating gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon fuels. It is potentially toxic for dogs as well as humans. Common sources of carbon monoxide are unventilated kerosene or propane heaters, gasoline engines, automobile exhaust, or fumes from carbon-based fuel heating systems.

When inhaled, this gas is readily absorbed into the blood, combining with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery to the body, and thereby leading to decreased utilization of oxygen in the ...read more

Carcinoid Cancer in Dogs

Tue, 07 Oct 2008 19:48:24 +0000

Carcinoid Syndrome and Tumor in Dogs

Carcinoid tumors are small neuroendocrine tumors, typically of the gastrointestinal tract, that secrete serotonin, a naturally occurring neurochemical that is usually associated with sleep and memory functions. Carcinoid tumors are rare, slow growing tumors that are formed by the endocrine cells (secreting cells) of the mucosal lining of organs, such as the stomach and intestine.

Carcinoid tumors secrete the amines serotonin and histamine into the bloodstream, as well as a number of peptides, chemical compounds such as bradykinins and ta ...read more

Cardiac Arrest in Dogs

Thu, 15 Apr 2010 19:05:45 +0000

Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Dogs

Cardiac arrest (also known as cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest) occurs when normal blood circulation ceases due to the heart's inability to contract (heart failure). Like many other body systems, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work in a coordinated fashion. Therefore, if a dog fails to breathe for more than six minutes, it can lead to heart failure and cardiac arrest -- both of which can be fatal. Cardiac arrest can occur in dogs of any age, sex, or breed.

Symptoms and Types

Blood circulation may remain intact if ...read more

Cardiac Electrical Failure in Dogs

Mon, 11 May 2009 19:50:08 +0000

Sinus Arrest and Sinoatrial Block

Persistent sinus arrest that is not due to the use of a drug is often indicative of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) - a disorder of the heart’s electrical impulse formation within the sinus node. The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges. Sinus arrest is a disorder of heart beat impulse formation caused by a slowing down or cessation of spontaneous sinus nodal automaticity – the automatic b ...read more

Cardiomyopathy in Boxer Dogs

Wed, 22 Apr 2009 15:48:58 +0000

Ventricular Arrhythmia in Boxer Dogs

Cardiomyopathy is most commonly characterized by an irregular heartbeat. Fainting or even sudden heart failure can occur, and some patients can develop congestive heart failure. Cardiomyopathy is specific to the boxer; however, similar symptoms have also been seen in English bulldogs. It tends to occur in dogs that are at least two years old, although symptoms in dogs as young as six months have been reported. At the same time, some patients don’t demonstrate symptoms until they are older than ten years.

Symptoms and Types

< ...read more

Carnitine Deficiency in Dogs

Tue, 30 Jun 2009 18:56:47 +0000

L-Carnitine Deficiency in Dogs

L-carnitine is an important nutrient that acts as a transport for fatty acids, essential for the cellular production of energy.

L-carnitine is an important nutrient that acts as a transport for fatty acids, essential for the cellular production of energy. Deficiency of this nutrient can cause a variety of health problems for animals; most significantly, the association with heart disease (cardiomyopathy) in dogs. The heart and skeletal muscles do not synthesize the nutrient on their own, requiring it to be transported there for use. Because of ...read more

Cataracts in Dogs

Fri, 15 Jan 2010 20:47:09 +0000

Cloudiness of the Eye Lens in Dogs

Cataract refers to the cloudiness in the crystalline lens of the eye, varying from complete to partial opacity. Because the cloudiness of the eye lens (located directly behind the iris) prevents light from passing to the retina, a cataract can cause vision loss.

When the eye lens (located directly behind the iris) is clouded, it prevents light from passing to the retina, which can cause vision loss.

Most cases of cataracts are inherited; for instance, Miniature poodles,

Cavities in Dogs

Thu, 11 Sep 2008 18:56:25 +0000

Dental Caries in Dogs

Dental caries is a condition in which the dental hard tissues decay as the result of oral bacteria on the tooth surface. While dental caries is not common in the domestic pet, it does occur and should be watched for. A 1988 study, reported in the Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, found that 5.3 percent of dogs one year of age or older had one or more caries lesions, with 52 percent of that group having bilaterally symmetrical lesions. Caries can affect the crown or the roots of the teeth, and is classified as pit-and-fissure caries, smooth-surface caries, or root ...read more

Chemical Imbalance of Urine in Dogs

Mon, 26 Apr 2010 17:45:39 +0000

Hyposthenuria in Dogs

The normal concentration and regulation of urine normally depends on an elaborate interaction between antidiuretic hormone (ADH), the protein receptor for ADH on the renal tubule (the tube that plays a role in the filtering, reabsorption, and secretion of solutes in the bloodstream), and excessive tension of the tissue within the kidney. Hyposthenuria is a clinical condition in which the urine is chemically imbalanced. This may be due to trauma, abnormal hormone release, or excessive tension in the kidney.

Abnormalities may also occur due to interference ...read more

Chest Bone Deformity in Dogs

Fri, 05 Feb 2010 16:51:46 +0000

Pectus Excavatum in Dogs

In pectus excavatum, the sternum and costal cartilages are deformed, resulting in a horizontal narrowing of the chest, primarily on the posterior side. The sternum, or chest bone, is a long flat bone located in the center of the thorax, and the costal cartilages are the cartilages that connect the chest bone with the ends of the ribs. In appearance, the middle of the chest appear to be flat or concave, rather than slightly convex.

Brachycephalic (short-nose) breed dogs are predisposed to this condition and in most cases are born with (congenital) this ...read more

Chocolate Poisoning in Dogs

Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:24:24 +0000

Chocolate Toxicity in Dogs

Dogs are known for eating things when they are not supposed to. This is especially true of puppies. Also, dogs have an excellent sense of smell, making it fairly easy to find any secret hiding spots for the chocolate. This can be a dangerous combination when there is chocolate around the house.

Chocolate is derived from the roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao, which contains certain properties that can be toxic to animals: caffeine and theobromine. If ingested, these two ingredients can also lead to various medical complications and may ...read more

Chronic Inflammation of the Anus, Rectum or Perineum Region in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:02:24 +0000

Perianal Fistula in Dogs

Perianal fistula is a disorder in which the anus, rectum, and perineal regions of a dog or cat are inflamed and irritated. This disorder is often painful for the animal, as well as progressive.

Dogs and cats are both susceptible to perianal fistulas. If you would like to learn more about how this disorder affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

Symptoms

Some of the common symptoms can include:

...read more

Chronic Inflammation of the Bronchi in Dogs

Fri, 16 Apr 2010 08:10:42 +0000

Bronchitis, Chronic (COPD) in Dogs

Chronic bronchitis, also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), occurs when the mucous membranes of the bronchi (the airways that transport oxygen from the trachea to the lungs) become inflamed. Typically, this leads to a chronic cough that lasts two months or longer -- a cough that is not attributable to other causes like heart failure, neoplasia, infections, or other respiratory diseases.

Despite extensive diagnostic efforts by your veterinarian, the specific cause of the inflammation is rarely identified. In addition, toy ...read more

Cirrhosis and Fibrosis of the Liver in Dogs

Tue, 07 Apr 2009 18:37:17 +0000

The liver is the largest gland in the body, and one of the most important for overall health. One of the liver's many functions include production of bile, a fluid substance involved in the digestion of fats. The gallbladder, situated in the concave of the liver, acts as a storage unit for bile, releasing the concentrated bile into the common bile duct as it is needed for fat digestion. The bile ducts begin within the liver itself as tiny channels to transport bile. The ducts join together to form larger bile ducts and finally enter the extrahepatic bile duct, or common bile duct, whic ...read more

Claw and Nail Disorders in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 20:06:08 +0000

Nail and Nailbed Disorders in Dogs

Nail and nail bed disorders refer to any abnormality or disease that affects the claw or surrounding area, generally known as dystrophy. One type of nail disorders, paronychia, is an infection that causes inflammation around the nail or claw. Fungal infections, such as onychomycosis, can also occur in or around the nail bed.

Dogs may suffer from extremely brittle nails (onychorrhexis), or have nails that slough, peel, or chip away excessively (oychomadesis). Most nail or nail bed disorders have an excellent treatment prognosis and can usuall ...read more

Clotting Deficiency (Inherited)in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 18:33:11 +0000

Coagulation Factor Deficiency in Dogs

Coagulation takes place when blood transforms from a free flowing liquid into a thickened gel like state. In this state the gelled blood is called a clot, and it is through clotting that a wound begins to seal. This process is critically important for healing to take place. When your dog is injured and continues to bleed uncontrollably, this may be symptomatic of a defect in one or more of the processes that bring about coagulation. A complex series of enzyme reactions are involved in turning blood from a fluid to a gel. A failure in one of these ...read more

Clotting Deficiency (Liver Related) in Dogs

Wed, 26 May 2010 20:14:00 +0000

Coagulopathy of Liver Disease in Dogs

The liver is the primary site of synthesis of coagulation, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic proteins. In fact, only five blood clotting factors are not produced there. Therefore, liver diseases that cause clotting issues in dogs can be very serious and sometimes life-threatening.

Symptoms and Types

Black feces due to digested blood (melena)
Bright red blood in the feces (

Clotting Disorders of the Platelets in Dogs

Tue, 23 Feb 2010 03:15:15 +0000

Thrombocytopathies in Dogs

Thrombocytopathies are defined as disorders of the blood platelet and abnormal functioning of the platelets. Thrombocytopathic animals are those which typically have normal platelet counts on examination, but have spontaneous or excessive bleeding due to a failure of the platelets to bind to each other, or clot normally. Bleeding from the mucous membranes – nose, mouth ears, anus – is the most common sign. Thrombocytopathies may first become apparent in young animals when excessive bleeding occurs with the loss of baby teeth.

Thrombocyto ...read more

Collapse During Exercise in Labrador Retrievers

Mon, 29 Jun 2009 19:07:27 +0000

Exercise Induced Weakness and Collapse in Labrador Retrievers

Labrador retrievers are one of the more active dog breeds. Part of having a Lab in your family is to become accustomed to having a high energy dog that plays and exercises a lot. Most dogs will slow down or stop when they are tired and will have no problems, but some revel so much in activity that they will exercise until they become weak and collapse from exhaustion. This is called exercise induced collapse in Labrador retrievers. Problems usually occur during periods of intense activity or excitement. At other times, th ...read more

Collection of Fluid in the Lungs (Not Due to Heart Disease) in Dogs

Tue, 11 Nov 2008 16:26:39 +0000

Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Dogs

Noncardiogenic edema is caused by an increased permeability (or the ability to pass through, as by osmosis) of the blood vessels of the lungs. This increased permeability results in the leakage of fluid into the lung, causing edema, or swelling. If this becomes severe, the edema may be accompanied by an inflammatory response and an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lung.

There are several factors which can cause changes in the permeability of the lung’s blood vessels. Dogs that have edema as a result of a brain disord ...read more

Collie Eye Defect in Dogs

Fri, 08 Aug 2008 19:57:14 +0000

Collie Eye Anomaly in Dogs

Collie eye anomaly, also referred to as collie eye defect, is an inherited congenital condition. The chromosomes that determine the development of the eyes are mutated, so that the choroid (the collection of blood vessels that absorb scattered light and nourish the retina) is underdeveloped. The mutation can also result in other defects in the eye with more severe consequences, such as retinal detachment. When this mutation does occur, it is always in both eyes, although it might be more severe in one eye than the other. Approximately 70 to 97 percent of rou ...read more

Colonic or Rectal Inflammation in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 19:01:12 +0000

Colitis and Proctitis in Dogs

Histiocytic ulcerative colitis is a bowel disease that causes the lining of a dog's colon to thicken, with varying degress of loss to the superficial lining (known as ulceration). The thickening is due to the infiltration of various cells in the layers under the lining. And when the colon becomes inflamed, there is a reduction in the colon's ability to absorb water and store feces, leading to frequent diarrhea, often with mucus and/or blood. Proctitis, conversely, is the inflammation of ...read more

Colonic Ulcer in Dogs

Mon, 11 May 2009 17:27:29 +0000

Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis in Dogs

Histiocytic ulcerative colitis is an uncommon disease characterized by ulcers in the lining of the colon, and inflammation with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive histiocytes. Histiocytes are the large white blood cells that reside in the normal connective tissue, where they ingest infectious microorganisms and foreign particles. They are an essential component of the immune system. The origin and pathogenic mechanism for this disorder is unknown; however, an infectious cause is assumed.

It affects primarily young boxers, usually less t ...read more

Conditions Due to Abnormal Secretions from a Tumor in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 14:53:54 +0000

Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Dogs

Paraneoplastic syndromes may be seen in any dog with a malignant (most common) or benign tumor (rare). Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are a group of disorders that result from the abnormal secretions of a hormone or hormone-like product from a cancerous tumor, or from the body's immune response to the tumor. These secretions affect the related tissues or organs (that is, the tissues and organs that are directly related to the affected organ) and generate an abnormal clinical response in cats dealing with cancer.

Such a response is not due to t ...read more

Congenital Heart Defect (Atrial Septal Defect) in Dogs

Wed, 19 May 2010 16:51:48 +0000

Atrial Septal Defect in Dogs

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart anomaly that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum (the separating wall). Typically, the blood will shunt into the right atrium, causing a volume overload to the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary vasculature, which can sometimes lead to pulmonary hypertension. However, if right-sided pressures are too high, shunting may occur right to left, causing generalized cyanosis.

ASD is more common in cats (9 percent of congenital heart defects) than dogs (0 ...read more

Congenital Heart Defect (Ebstein’s Anomaly) in Dogs

Fri, 10 Oct 2008 21:04:40 +0000

Ebstein's Anomaly in Dogs

Ebstein's anomaly is the medical name given to a type of congenital heart defect in which the opening of the tricuspid valve (on the right side of the heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle) is displaced toward the apex of the right ventricle of the heart. It is accompanied by various degrees of tricuspid insufficiency, or stenosis (abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel).

An abnormal accessory pathway may lead to rapid heart rhythms. It is very rare, but is occasionally encountered in dogs. A murmur can be heard with a stethoscope at ...read more

Congenital Heart Defect (Pulmonic Stenosis) in Dogs

Fri, 19 Mar 2010 15:32:22 +0000

Pulmonic Stenosis in Dogs

Pulmonic stenosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect characterized by the narrowing and obstruction of blood through the heart's pulmonary valve, which connects the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle (one of the heart's four chambers). Depending on the severity of the obstruction, it can cause anything from a murmur to an arrhythmia to congestive heart failure.

The breeds most susceptible to this defect include the English bulldog, Scottish terrier, wirehaired fox terrier, miniature schnauzer, West Highland white terrier, Chihuahua, Samoy ...read more

Congestive Heart Failure (Left-sided) in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 15:00:59 +0000

Congestive Cardiomyopathy (Left-sided) in Dogs

The heart has four chambers: two chambers at the top, the right and left atria; and two chambers on the bottom, the right and left ventricles. The right side of the heart collects blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated. The oxygen rich blood is then collected by the left side of the heart, and from there it is pumped out into the body's various organs.

Congestive left-sided heart failure refers to a condition in which the left side of the heart is not able to push blood through the body eff ...read more

Connective Tissue Tumors in Dogs

Wed, 06 May 2009 21:33:52 +0000

Mast-Cell Tumors in Dogs

Mast cells are cells that reside in the connective tissues, especially those vessels and nerves that are closest to the external surfaces (e.g., skin, lungs, nose, mouth). Their primary functions include defense against parasitic infestations, tissue repair, and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). They are also associated with allergic reactions, since they contain several types of dark granules made up of various chemicals, including histamine and heparin, serving biologically to modify immune reactions and inflammation. Mast cells are derived ...read more

Constipation (Severe) in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 19:53:10 +0000

Megacolon in Dogs

The colon is the section of the large intestine that begins at the cecum, the sac that joins the colon to the end of the small intestine (ileum), and ends where the rectum begins. All are part of the larger digestive tract. The main purpose of the colon is to serve as a temporary storage conduit while it performs the function of extracting useful water and salt from the waste. Megacolon is a condition in which waste is remaining in the colon, causing the diameter of the colon to become abnormally enlarged. It is typically associated with chronic constipation, or obst ...read more

Constipation in Dogs

Tue, 07 Apr 2009 20:34:36 +0000

Constipation and Obstipation in Dogs

Infrequent, incomplete, or difficult defecation, with passage of hard or dry bowel movements (feces) is medically referred to as constipation. Obstipation is pronounced constipation that is difficult to manage or does not respond to medical treatment. Obstipation is caused by chronic constipation, prolonged retention of hard, dry bowel movement; defecation becomes impossible in patients with this condition.

Symptoms and Types

Straining to defecate with small or no fecal volume
Hard, dry bowel movement ...read more

Coonhound Paralysis In Dogs

Tue, 20 Oct 2009 18:28:57 +0000

Idiopathic Polyradiculoneuritis in Dogs

Acute canine idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis (ACIP) is a creeping paralysis due to acute inflammation of the nerves. This disease is often seen in dogs that live in North America as well as in those areas where raccoons are present but overall incidence is quite low. Any breed is at risk, but dogs that regularly come into contact with raccoons are at increased risk, such as hunting dogs and dogs that live in rural or wooded areas.

Symptoms presented by ACIP are also classified under a condition referred to as coonhound paralysis. Diagno ...read more

Coral Snake Bite Poisoning in Dogs

Tue, 23 Feb 2010 04:34:19 +0000

Coral Snake Venom Toxicosis in Dogs

There are two clinically important subspecies of coral snake in North America: the eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius fulvius, in North Carolina, southern Florida, and west of the Mississippi River; and the Texas coral snake, M. fulvius tenere, found west of Mississippi, in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.

The coral snake is from the Elapidae family of venomous snakes. Elapids have fixed front fangs that are used to inject venom into ...read more

Corneal Disease (Inherited) in Dogs

Wed, 08 Apr 2009 17:51:51 +0000

Corneal Dystrophies in Dogs

Corneal dystrophy is an inherited progressive condition which affects both eyes, often in the same way. The cornea, the clear outer layer of the front of the eye, is most affected. This disease is not associated with other diseases, and is relatively common in dogs.

There are three types of corneal dystrophy, categorized by location: epithelial corneal dystrophy, where cell formation is affected; stromal corneal dystrophy, where the cornea will become cloudy; and endothelial corneal dystrophy, where the cells of the lining of the cornea are affecte ...read more

Corneal Inflammation (Nonulcerative Keratitis) in Dogs

Wed, 28 Apr 2010 13:15:16 +0000

Nonulcerative Keratitis in Dogs

Nonulcerative keratitis is any inflammation of the cornea that does not retain fluorescein stain, a dye that is used to identify ulcers of the cornea. Keratitis is the medical term given to inflammation of the cornea -- the clear outer layer of the front of the eye. If the very top layer of the cornea has been disrupted (as with an ulcer), the dye will enter the lower layers of the cornea and will cause a temporary stain that glows under an ultraviolet light; in nonulcerative keratitis, the top layer of the cornea is not disrupted, so no dye enters the ...read more

Coughing in Dogs

Mon, 09 Nov 2009 19:57:24 +0000

Tussis in Dogs

The act of coughing serves as a protective mechanism for preventing the accumulation of secretions and foreign materials inside of the respiratory tract, but coughing can also serve as an early warning sign for respiratory diseases. Coughing is generally a symptom of an underlying problem, such as a respiratory or cardiovascular system disease.

This automatic and involuntary behavior is one of the most powerful reflexes in the body and is essential for keeping the pharynx and airways free of accumulated secretions and foreign material. This is, therefore, ...read more

Crystals in the Urine of Dogs

Mon, 18 Aug 2008 15:20:29 +0000

Crystalluria in Dogs

Crystalluria is characterized by the presence of crystals in the urine. Crystals form only in urine that is, or recently has been, supersaturated with crystallogenic substances; thus crystalluria represents a risk factor for kidney stones. The detection of urine crystals is not synonymous with kidney stones or the clinical signs associated with them, nor is detection of urine crystals irrefutable evidence of a stone-forming tendency, but there is some association of an increased risk for kidney stones for animals that are afflicted with crystalluria, and crystals ...read more

Cushing's Disease in Dogs

Tue, 07 Oct 2008 14:27:41 +0000

Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs

The endocrine system is the collective system of organs that control hormones in the body, one of which is the cortisone hormone, responsible for protein and carbohydrate metabolism in the body. When a disorder of the body causes an excess of cortisone levels in the bloodstream, the metabolic process is hampered, leading to gastrointestinal disorders and hypertension, amongst other bodily disturbances. This condition is medically referred to as hyperadrenocorticism, and it is one of the most common endocrine disorders to affect dogs.

One of the ca ...read more

Cyst on the Gums in Dogs

Mon, 18 Aug 2008 13:35:21 +0000

Dentigerous Cyst in Dogs

A dentigerous cyst is, literally, a cyst on the tooth. It is characterized by a fluid filled sac, similar in form to a blister, which has originated from the tissue surrounding the crown of an unerupted tooth. It occurs in any breed that is at an increased risk for impaired eruption, such as boxers and bulldogs. It tends to occur in the mandibular (lower jaw) first premolars, and often on both sides (bilateral). This condition is diagnosed if the teeth are unerupted at six months old, but a cyst may not form until later, if ever.

Symptoms and Types
& ...read more

Dark Spots on the Eye in Cats

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 17:36:12 +0000

Corneal Sequestrum in Cats

Corneal sequestrum occurs when the cat has dead corneal tissue (or dark spots in the cornea). It usually is caused by chronic corneal ulceration, trauma, or corneal exposure. Corneal sequestrum can affect all breeds, but is more prone in Persian and Himalayan breeds. In cats, it usually begins during their middle-aged years.

Symptoms and Types

The dark spots in your cat's cornea may remain unchanged for long periods of time, and then suddenly get worse. Listed below are some other symptoms your cat may experience:

Dis ...read more

Defect of the Ventricular Septum in Dogs

Fri, 26 Feb 2010 22:54:16 +0000

Ventricular Septal Defect in Dogs

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) causes irregular communication in the ventricular septum, the wall that separates the ventricles (the two lower chambers of the heart) from one another. This results in blood being diverted, or shunted, from one side of the heart to the other. The direction and volume of the shunt are determined by the size of the defect, the relationship of the pulmonary and systemic blood vessel resistances, and the presence of other anomalies.

Most VSDs in small animals are subaortic (below the aortic valve) and have a rig ...read more

Degeneration of the Cornea in Dogs

Mon, 18 Aug 2008 14:41:08 +0000

Corneal Degenerations and Infiltrations in Dogs

The cornea is the transparent lining that covers the external front of the eyeball; that is, the iris and the pupil (respectively, the colored area that expands and contracts to allow light in, and the lens that transmits the light and image to the brain – the black center). The cornea is continuous with the white part of the eye, the sclera, which covers the rest of the eyeball. Beneath the cornea and the sclera is a layer of connective tissue that supports the eyeball from inside, called the stroma.

Corneal degeneration ...read more

Degeneration of the Image Forming Part of the Eye in Dogs

Thu, 03 Sep 2009 20:07:43 +0000

Retinal Degeneration in Dogs

The retina is the tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye, and is the light sensitive part of the eye that acts as the brain's camera, transmitting images through the rods and cones that are part of its structure, thus enabling the experience of vision. The retina is part of the central nervous system (CNS) and the only part of the CNS that can be easily imaged and examined. In retinal degeneration, the cells of the retina begin to decline in function, thereby leading to impaired vision or even blindness. There are many causes for retinal degenerati ...read more

Degeneration of the Iris in the Eye in Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 18:24:14 +0000

Iris Atrophy in Dogs

The degeneration of the iris -- the colored part of the eye -- is referred to as iris atrophy. This can be as a result of normal aging or, if due to a secondary type, because of chronic inflammation or high intraocular pressure, which is often associated with glaucoma. Iris atrophy can affect any breed, but appears to be more common in small breed dogs, such as chihuahuas, miniature poodles, and miniature schnauzers.

Symptoms and Types

Vision is not usually affected by iris atrophy, but there may be some sensitivity to light. Other typical symp ...read more

Degenerative Joint Disease in Dogs

Thu, 14 Aug 2008 17:14:20 +0000

Osteoarthritis in Dogs

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD), is defined as the progressive and permanent long-term deterioration of the cartilage surrounding the joints. Arthritis is the medical term for inflammation of the joints, while osteoarthritis is the term referring to a form of chronic joint inflammation caused by deterioration of joint cartilage. Older dogs are at the highest risk.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects ca ...read more

Degenerative Skin Disorder (Necrolytic Dermatitis) in Dogs

Tue, 11 Nov 2008 20:54:21 +0000

Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis in Dogs Superficial necrolytic dermatitis is characterized by the deterioration and death of skin cells. High levels of the hormone glucagon in the blood -- which stimulates production of blood sugar in response to low blood sugar levels -- and deficiencies in amino acids, zinc, and essential fatty acid are believed to play a role in superficial necrolytic dermatitis, either directly or indirectly. Superficial necrolytic dermatitis is uncommon in dogs and rare in cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please v ...read more

Dementia (Geriatric) in Dogs

Fri, 16 Apr 2010 08:30:55 +0000

Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Dogs

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome is a condition related to the aging of a dog's brain, which ultimately leads to changes in awareness, deficits in learning and memory, and decreased responsiveness to stimuli. Although the initial symptoms of the disorder are mild, they gradually worsen over time, also known as “cognitive decline.” In fact, clinical signs of cognitive dysfunction syndrome are found in 50 percent of dogs over the age of 11, and by the age of 15, 68 percent of dogs display at least one sign.

Symptoms and Typ ...read more

Destruction of the Pituitary Gland in Dogs

Sun, 18 Apr 2010 07:50:32 +0000

Hypopituitarism in Dogs

Several hormones are produced by the pituitary gland, any one or more of which may be lacking. The resultant condition, hypopituitarism, is associated with low production of hormones that are produced by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located near the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. Of these hormones, some of the more clinically significant ones are the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); the adrenocorticotropin hormone (produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex); the luteinizing hormone (stimulates secretio ...read more

Destructive Behavior in Dogs

Fri, 19 Jun 2009 20:17:08 +0000

It is normal for dogs to chew on things, dig, and be protective over their territory.

It is normal for dogs to chew on things, dig, and be protective over their territory. Dogs are diagnosed with destructive tendencies when they destroy things we don’t want them to, such as furniture, shoes, doors, or carpets. Not all destructive behavior is the same, however. When a dog chews on the wrong things or digs in the wrong place but does not have any other symptoms, this is considered a primary destructive behavior. Dogs that have other symptoms like anxiety, fear, or aggressi ...read more

Diabetes (Hepatopathy) in Dogs

Thu, 28 Jan 2010 20:27:02 +0000

Diabetic Hepatopathy in Dogs

Diabetic hepatopathy is a disease of the liver which causes lesions to develop on the liver. It is associated with diabetes mellitus, and for unknown reasons, this type of liver disease is also associated with lesions on the skin. One of the possibilities may be a link to metabolic system and a change in the organ systems.

This is a relatively uncommon disease and there is no breed that is more disposed than others, but it does tend to affect predominantly male dogs that are middle-aged to older.

Symptoms and Types

...read more

Diabetes in Dogs

Thu, 17 Jul 2008 15:49:11 +0000

Diabetes Mellitus Without Complication in Dogs

Diabetes mellitus is a diseased state by which the body suffers from either an absolute shortage of insulin (Type I), or from an incorrect response from the cells to the insulin that is being produced, a condition termed insulin resistance (Type II). Both of these conditions will prevent the muscles and organs from converting glucose to energy, and will result in excessive amounts of glucose in the blood, which is also referred to as hyperglycemia.

Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism caused by an a ...read more

Diabetes with Coma in Dogs

Fri, 19 Jun 2009 20:33:30 +0000

Diabetes Mellitus with Hyperosmolar Coma in Dogs

The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen, near the stomach. Under normal circumstances, the pancreas makes insulin, a polypeptide hormone that helps to control blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body. When a dog eats food, its blood sugar rises in accordance with the sugars in the food (whether they are natural sugars or not). The pancreas then makes insulin to lower the blood sugar levels to a healthy level. In this way, the other organs in the body are able to absorb and use this sugar for energy.

In the case of diabe ...read more

Diarrhea (Antibiotic-Responsive) in Dogs

Fri, 31 Jul 2009 21:23:29 +0000

Antibiotic-Responsive Diarrhea in Dogs

Veterinarians find it controversial to give antibiotics to treat diarrhea, but when antibiotics do resolve diarrhea, veterinarians speculate that the cause of this kind of diarrhea was from a small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. However, it is not known why some types of diarrhea are responsive to antibiotic while others are not. Current theories as to its cause focus on the possibility of immune dysregulation possibly associated with abnormal CD4+ T cells (immune cells), IgA plasma cells (antibodies), and cytokine (a chemical messenger) expre ...read more

Diarrhea (Long-term) in Dogs

Fri, 12 Sep 2008 20:37:20 +0000

Chronic Diarrhea in Dogs

Chronic diarrhea is a change in the frequency, consistency and volume of the dog's feces for more than three weeks. Starting in the small or large intestine, diarrhea can either be secretory (where it is very watery) or osmotic (not watery), and is due to various reasons, including diet, disease, or infection.

Chronic diarrhea can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the P ...read more

Diarrhea (Sudden) in Dogs

Thu, 30 Apr 2009 21:26:04 +0000

Acute Diarrhea in Dogs

Diarrhea has four general reasons for occurring: osmotic imbalances, over secretion, intestinal exudation or motility disorders. Osmotic imbalances occur when the concentration of food molecules in the intestine is too high. Water is drawn into the intestine by the excess molecules, causing diarrhea. Over secretion occurs when the intestine secretes too much fluid after being exposed to bacteria or toxins. Intestinal exudation describes a slow oozing of blood fluids through ulcers or other breaks in the intestine’s tissue layers. This exudation can be mild ...read more

Diarrhea Due to Clostridium perfringens in Dogs

Wed, 30 Dec 2009 14:40:46 +0000

Clostridial Enterotoxicosis in Dogs

Clostridial enterotoxicosis is an intestinal syndrome brought on by abnormally high levels of Clostridium perfringens bacterium, a bacteria found commonly inhabiting decaying vegetation and marine sediment. It can also be acquired from raw or improperly cooked meats and poultry, and meats that have been left out in the open. There is also evidence that dogs can acquire this infection from being with other dogs, such as when boarded at a kennel.

Generally, the implications of the clostridial enterotoxicosis are limited to inf ...read more

Difficult Defecation and Blood in Stool in Dogs

Mon, 03 Aug 2009 14:37:42 +0000

Dyschezia and Hematochezia in Dogs

Dyschezia and Hematochezia are diseases of the digestive and intestinal system; both are visible presentations of an underlying disease that causes inflammation or irritation of the rectum or anus.

Dyschezia is a condition in which defecation is extremely difficult or painful, and hematochezia is symptomized by bright red blood in the stool. Hematochezia can also be concurrent with diseases of the colon.

Symptoms and Types

Crying and whimpering during defecation
Straining to defecate

Diseases of the Orbit of the Eye in Dogs

Tue, 23 Sep 2008 14:34:32 +0000

Exophthalmos, Enophthalmos, and Strabismus in Dogs

Exophthalmos, enophthalmos, and strabismus are all diseases which cause the dog's eyeball to be abnormally positioned.

With exophthalmos, the dog's eyeball protrudes, or bulges, from the orbit of the eye. This may be due to a space-occupying mass behind the eyeball. Enophthalmos, meanwhile, causes the eyeball to recess, or sink, into the skull. Lastly, strabismus is when an affected animal's eye appears to look off at a different angle, unable to focus in the same direction as the other eye. This can occur with one or both ey ...read more

Diseases of the Skin on the Nose in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 14:31:37 +0000

Nasal Dermatoses in Dogs

Many diseases affect the skin on the noses of dogs. This includes bacterial or fungal infections of the skin, or mites. These diseases may affect the bridge of the nose where there is hair, or the smooth part of the nose, where there is no hair. Often, it is the portion of the nose that has hair that is affected. In the case of systemic diseases like lupus or other autoimmune ailments, the whole muzzle is involved. Some systemic diseases cause the part of the nose where there is no hair to lose its pigment or develop ulcers.

A rare condition caused by ...read more

Dislocated Eye Lens in Dogs

Fri, 28 May 2010 22:23:12 +0000

Lens Luxation in Dogs

Lens luxation occurs when the lens capsule separates 360° from the zonules (the fiber-like processes that extend from the ciliary body to the capsule of the lens of the eye) that hold the lens in place, resulting in the total dislocation of the lens from its normal location. If it occurs at the front of the eye, it comes forward through the pupil into the front chamber. If it goes to the back (posterior), it goes into the posterior segment/vitreous chamber.

Lens luxation is primarily seen in adults dogs between the ages of four and nine. Some breeds ...read more

Distemper in Dogs

Fri, 08 Aug 2008 19:34:07 +0000

Canine Distemper in Dogs

Canine distemper is a contagious and serious viral illness with no known cure. The disease affects dogs, and certain species of wildlife, such as raccoons, wolves, foxes, and skunks. The common house pet, the ferret, is also a carrier of this virus. Canine distemper belongs to the Morbillivirus class of viruses, and is a relative of the measles virus, which affects humans, the Rinderpest virus that affects cattle, and the Phocine virus that causes seal distemper. All are members of ...read more

Dog Flu

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 19:28:10 +0000

Canine Influenza in Dogs

The virus that causes dog flu, Influenza Type A (H3N8), was first identified in Florida in 2004. It primarily infects the respiratory system and is extremely contagious. There is no vaccine for canine influenza. Some dogs can be exposed to the virus and fight off infection without showing clinical signs.

Symptoms and Types

Dogs that are infected with the canine influenza virus may develop two different syndromes:

Mild – These dogs will have a cough that is typically moist and can have nasal discharge. Occasi ...read more

Dogs and Motion Sickness

Wed, 17 Mar 2010 22:47:52 +0000

Gastrointestinal Distress Related to Motion in Dogs

Much like humans who experience a feeling of illness while in on car trips, dogs and cats can also get a queasy stomach when traveling in the car (or even by boat or air).

Symptoms and Types

Dogs show their uneasiness in various ways. The first signs of motion sickness may be a constant licking of the lips, followed by excessive drooling; yawning; whining or crying out in distress; immobility or acting afraid to move; and finally, < ...read more

Droopy Eye in Dogs

Fri, 16 Apr 2010 14:46:36 +0000

Horner’s Syndrome in Dogs

Horner’s syndrome is a nerve disorder that is characterized by a drooping eye, an eyelid that is protruding from the eye, or a severely constricted eye pupil. Any brain or spinal injury may cause this syndrome, and it has also been linked to conditions affecting the middle ear, but in many cases the origin remains unknown. The cause of Horner’s syndrome remains elusive in most cases, and it may affect any breed of dog, though it appears to be more common in male golden retrievers.

Symptoms and Types

Smaller si ...read more

Drowning (Near Drowning) in Dogs

Wed, 21 Oct 2009 19:41:55 +0000

Hypoxemia Due to Aspiration of Water in Dogs

Near-drowning is determined by an event that involves prolonged submersion in water, followed by survival for at least 24 hours afterward. Following submersion, typical symptoms include elevated carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream, stimulated respiration, and subsequent aspiration of water into the lungs. In rare cases, hyperventilation prior to submersion, or laryngospasm (spasmodic closing of the larynx) may prevent aspiration of water, an involuntary reaction that can lead to a condition called dry drowning.

There are four ...read more

Dry Eye Syndrome in Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 19:41:26 +0000

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Dogs

Sometimes called dry eye syndrome, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is characterized by a deficiency of aqueous tear film over the surface of the eye and in the lining of the lids. The result is severe drying and inflammation of the cornea (the transparent front part of the eye) and conjunctiva (the clear membrane that covers the sclera -- the white part of the eye).

This condition is relatively common in dogs, particularly cocker spaniels, bulldogs, West Highland white terriers, Lhasa apsos, and shih-tzus. In addition, there is some suspici ...read more

E. Coli infection in Dogs

Tue, 19 Jan 2010 21:05:44 +0000

Colibacillosis in Dogs

Colibacillosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, which normally resides in the lower intestines of most warm blooded mammals, including dogs. Normally, the presence of E. coli is benign, and even beneficial, but in some cases it can cause a diseased condition, especially in newborn puppies.

E. coli infection is most commonly seen in puppies in the first weeks of life. In the first day after giving birth, bitches produce a watery milk that is rich in antibodies. This mil ...read more

Ear Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

Thu, 27 May 2010 01:16:19 +0000

Ceruminous Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Ear in Dogs

More common in cats than dogs, ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma is the primary malignant tumor of the sweat glands that is found in the external auditory canal. Though rare, it is one of the most common malignant tumor of the ear canal in older dogs. And while it may be locally invasive, it has a low rate of distant metastasis (spreading of the cancer).

In addition, there is no known gender predisposition for this type o ...read more

Ear Cancer in Dogs

Mon, 03 Aug 2009 15:22:38 +0000

Auricular Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs

Dogs can be afflicted with several types of skin tumors, including on the ears. One type of tumor that can affect the ears is a squamous cell carcinoma. A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can be described as a malignant and particularly invasive tumor that takes hold in the scale like cells of the epithelium – the tissue that covers the body or lines the cavities of the body. These scale like tissue cells are called the squamous.

Carcinoma is, by definition, an especially malignant and persistent form of cancer, often returning aft ...read more

Ear Cysts (Cholesteatoma) in Dogs

Mon, 08 Jun 2009 16:31:29 +0000

Cholesteatoma in Dogs

Dogs have an "L" shaped ear canal. At the bottom end of the "L" is the eardrum (tympanic membrane), and behind the eardrum is the middle ear. When the ear becomes infected, only the outer, "L" shaped portion of the ear is usually affected, a condition referred to as otitis externa. Sometimes, the middle ear will become infected as well, in a condition referred to as otitis media. Infections of the middle ear can occur if the eardrum is ruptured or if an infection of the outer ear goes on for a long time. When middle ear infections g ...read more

Early Contractions and Labor in Dogs

Mon, 31 Aug 2009 20:54:42 +0000

Premature Labor in Dogs

There are several conditions that can cause a pregnant dog, or dam, to experience premature contractions leading to preterm delivery of puppies. Bacterial infections, viral infections, death of one or more fetuses, ovarian cysts, hormonal imbalances, injury, malnutrition, a change in environment/moving, and basically any kind of stress that can send a dog into mental and physical distress can lead to early labor. In some cases, a dog's breed may genetically predispose it to preterm labor.

Preterm delivery in dogs is defined by a birth that occurs befor ...read more

Early Death in Puppies

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 19:30:53 +0000

Fading Syndrome (Neonatal Mortality) in Puppies

Newborn puppies are born with an immature immune system that needs to be built up over time, starting with their mother's milk. Because of their immature body organs and systems, puppies are prone to various insults, including infections and environmental, nutritional, and metabolic factors. Also, young animals do not yet have strong body temperature regulation, and their body temperature can fluctuate profoundly in response to changing environmental temperatures and humidity. Glucose control may also be poor, and blood glucose levels ma ...read more

Electric Cord Bite Injury in Cats

Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:52:42 +0000

Electrocution in Cats

Electrocution from chewing on an electrical cord is the single most common type of electrical injury in household pets. Electrical injuries can result in burns to the surrounding area (e.g., the mouth, hair), or in alterations to the electrical conduction in the heart, muscles, and other tissues. The possible complications that follow an electric cord bite injury are fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema), and high blood pressure in the arteries near the lung ...read more

Electric Cord Bite Injury in Dogs

Mon, 26 Jan 2009 17:42:16 +0000

Electrocution in Dogs

While we generally never give our appliances a second thought, they can be very dangerous for playful and inquisitive young dogs. Electrocution from chewing on an electrical cord is the single most common type of electrical injury for household pets. These types of injuries can result in burns to the surrounding areas (e.g., mouth, hair), or because the current alters the electrical conduction in the heart, muscles, and other tissues. Possible complications of electric cord bite injuries are fluid accumulation in the lungs (

Elevated Sex Hormones in Dogs

Mon, 31 Aug 2009 20:48:48 +0000

Hyperandrogenism in Dogs

Hyperandrogenism in dogs is a rare syndrome characterized by elevations of masculinizing sex hormones such as testosterone and its derivatives in the blood serum. It is most frequently documented in intact male dogs.

In males, androgens are produced by the interstitial cells (cells in the small spaces between tissue) of the testes and are responsible for normal male sexual development. Androgens promote masculine behavior and physical development, such as spermatogenesis – the formation of sperm. Androgens include the steroid hormones testostero ...read more

Enlarged Gums in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 15:43:04 +0000

Gingival Hyperplasia in Dogs

Gingival hyperplasia refers to a medical conditon in which a dog's gum (gingival) tissue becomes inflamed and enlarged. Enlargement is typically caused by irritation due to dental plaque or other bacterial growth along the gum line. In many cases, this can be prevented with good oral hygiene habits. This enlargement is typical in dogs, and while it can occur in any breed, Boxers, Great Danes, Collies, Doberman Pinschers, and Dalmatians appear to be especially prone to developing an inflammation of the gums.

Symptoms and Types

Enlarged Heart (Dilated Cardiomyopathy) in Dogs

Wed, 08 Oct 2008 15:23:22 +0000

Heart Muscle Disease in Dogs

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that is characterized by an enlarged heart that does not function properly. With DCM, both the upper and lower chambers of the heart become enlarged, with one side being more severely affected than the other. When the ventricle, or lower chamber, becomes enlarged, its ability to pump blood out into the lungs and body deteriorates. When the heart’s ventricle does not pump enough blood into the lungs, fluid begins to accumulate in the lungs. An enlarged heart soon becomes overloaded, and thi ...read more

Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Fri, 16 Apr 2010 11:41:46 +0000

Hepatomegaly in Dogs

The term hepatomegaly is used to describe an abnormally enlarged liver. Often occurring due to certain diseases and conditions that can either directly or indirectly affect the functioning of the liver, the liver organ may increase in size, taking on a diseased condition of its own.

Symptoms and Types

Puppies normally have larger livers in respect to their body mass as compared to adult dogs. However, hepatomegaly is most commonly diagnosed in older dogs. Depending on the underlying cause, the enlargement may involve the whole liver or on ...read more

Enlarged Spleen in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:18:49 +0000

Splenomegaly in Dogs

Splenomegaly refers to the enlargement of the spleen. This medical condition can occur in all breeds and genders, but middle-aged dogs and larger breeds tend to be more prone. It is also not usually directly related to the spleen, but rather a symptom of another disease or condition. Treatment options will be recommended based upon the cause of the splenomegaly.

Symptoms and Types

An enlarged spleen may lead to such symptoms as:

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Lack of appetite
Abdominal pain

Enlargement of Esophagus in Dogs

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 16:17:46 +0000

Megaesophagus in Dogs

Megaesophagus is a generalized enlargement of the esophagus -- a muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach -- with a decreased to absent motility. Esophageal motility is required for moving food and liquid down to the stomach.

Megaesophagus is seen more often in dogs as compared to cats. Some breeds are born (congenital) with this problem; for example, wire haired fox terriers and miniature schnauzers. Other breeds reported to be predisposed to this co ...read more

Epilepsy in Dogs

Fri, 18 Jul 2008 20:15:56 +0000

Epilepsy, Idiopathic or Genetic, in Dogs

Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes the dog to have sudden, uncontrolled, recurring physical attacks, with or without loss of consciousness. This may sometimes occur for unknown reasons (idiopathic) or due to genetic abnormalities. However, idiopathic epilepsy is often characterized by structural brain lesions and is more likely seen in male dogs. If left untreated, the seizures may become more severe and frequent.

Symptoms and Types

Seizures are usually preceded by a short aura (or focal onset). When this occurs the dog ...read more

Estrus Symptoms after Spaying in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 20:10:18 +0000

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Dogs

Surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries in a female dog is called an ovariohysterectomy. This type of surgery results in the cessation of subsequent estrus (heat) symptoms in the female. However, sometimes after an ovariohysterectomy, some female dogs continue to exhibit the behavioral and/or physical signs pertaining to estrus. This is typically found to be the result of ovary tissue being left behind. If such tissue remains functional and continues to secrete hormones, behavioral and/or physical signs of estrus in the female dog are seen. Such sym ...read more

Ethanol Poisoning in Dogs

Wed, 11 Feb 2009 20:21:07 +0000

Ethanol Toxicosis in Dogs

Ethanol poisoning (toxicosis) occurs from exposure to the chemical ethanol, either orally or through the skin, and results most commonly in a depression of the central nervous system -- expressed in the animal as drowsiness, lack of coordination or unconsciousness. Other effects may include damage to body cells, and symptoms such as incontinence, slowed heart rate, and even heart attack.

Ethanol poisoning is seen frequently in dogs, and occurs due to exposure to dyes, inks, disinfectants, mouthwashes, paints, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, gasoline, and ...read more

Excess Acidity in the Blood in Dogs

Tue, 11 Nov 2008 19:44:29 +0000

Renal Tubular Acidosis in Dogs

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a rare syndrome, characterized by an excess of acids in the dog's blood. This is due to the kidney's inability to excrete sufficient acid through the urine. Dogs with RTA will also have abnormal levels of potassium in the blood. This condition occurs as a part of the metabolic process, by which food is transformed into energy. And although RTA is seen in both cats and dogs, it rarely occurs in cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

Excessive Bacteria in the Small Intestine in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:15:33 +0000

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is a disorder which causes an abnormal amount of bacteria to accumulate in the small intestine. While it is common for this organ to have bacteria, it can become a problem when the count is too high. This can then affect the normal intestinal functions, causing loose stools and weight loss. Often clearing up within a few days, and up to a few weeks, treatment options give this bacterial infection an excellent prognosis.

Symptoms and Types

Common symptoms include loose stools, rapid weight los ...read more

Excessive Blood Clotting in Dogs

Fri, 31 Jul 2009 21:29:15 +0000

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Dogs

Clotting factors, such as proteins in the blood plasma, are components of the bloodstream, coordinating with platelet cells to stop bleeding at the site of an injury by forming into a gel-like plug. Platelets are normal cell fragments that originate in the bone marrow and travel in the blood as it circulates through the body. Platelets act to plug tears in the blood vessels and stop bleeding.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a bleeding problem in which clotting factors are activated with an absence of injury. ...read more

Excessive Blood Clotting in Dogs

Thu, 11 Sep 2008 20:42:56 +0000

Hypercoagulability in Dogs

Hypercoagulability has several causes, but in essence it reflects a greater amount of procoagulants than anticoagulants in the blood. This means that the blood coagulates (clots) abnormally more than usual.

Blood platelets are minute, disc shaped cell fragments in the blood that are responsible for clotting the blood. Too many active platelets, or too few active platelets, can result in severe health disorders. One of the possible causes of hypercoagulability is when there are too many active platelets in the blood. The end result of hypercoagulabil ...read more

Excessive Potassium in the Blood in Dogs

Fri, 26 Mar 2010 18:34:36 +0000

Hyperkalemia in Dogs

Hyperkalemia is expressed by markedly higher than normal concentrations of potassium in the blood. Normally eliminated in the kidneys, potassium and its increased acidity in the dog's blood can have a direct impact on the heart's ability to function normally, making this a high priority condition. Elimination is enhanced by aldosterone, a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water. Therefore, conditions that can inhibit renal elimination of potassium can be a direct cause of hyperkalemia.

Meanwhile, pseudohyperkalemia - ...read more

Excessive Production of Saliva in Dogs

Mon, 17 Nov 2008 17:39:39 +0000

Ptyalism in Dogs

Ptyalism is a condition characterized by the excessive flow of saliva, also referred to as hypersalivation. Pseudoptyalism (i.e., false ptyalism), on the other hand, is the release of excess saliva that has accumulated in the oral cavity. Saliva is constantly produced and secreted into the oral cavity from the salivary glands. Production of saliva increases because of excitation of the salivary nuclei in the brain stem. The stimuli that lead to this are taste and touch sensations involving the mouth and tongue. Higher centers in the central nervous system can also exc ...read more

Extreme Fear and Anxiety in Dogs

Tue, 16 Dec 2008 17:22:32 +0000

Fears, Phobias, and Anxieties in Dogs

Fear is the instinctual feeling of apprehension resulting from a situation, person, or object presenting an external threat -- whether real or perceived. The response of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for the freeze, fight, or flight syndrome. It is considered to be a normal behavior, essential for adaptation and survival; its context determines whether the fear response is normal, or abnormal and inappropriate. Most abnormal reactions are learned and can be unlearned with gradual exposure.

Moreover, the persistent and exc ...read more

Eye Defects (Congenital) in Dogs

Tue, 19 Jan 2010 20:31:38 +0000

Congenital Ocular Anomalies in Dogs

Congenital abnormalities of the eyeball or its surrounding tissue are generally evident shortly after a puppy's birth, but may develop within the first six to eights weeks of life. Most defects are genetically inherited; for example, persistent pupillary membrane (PPM), which occurs when strands of fetal tissue remain on the eye after birth, is more prone in Basenjis, Pembroke and Cardigan Welsh Corgis, chow chows, and mastiffs.

Meanwhile, persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis (PHTVL) and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous ...read more

Eye Displacement in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:10:43 +0000

Proptosis in Dogs

Proptosis is a medical condition which causes a dog's eye to move forward. This typically noticeable (and unseemly) medical condition is frequently associated with head trauma, and often threatens the dog's vision. Therefore, immediate veterinary examination and treatment is vital to restoring or saving the dog's eyesight.

Proptosis affects both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library ...read more

Eye Infection in Newborn Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 21:09:47 +0000

Ophthalmia Neonatorium in Dogs

Puppies can develop infections of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the eyeball, or of the cornea, the transparent front surface coating of the eyeball. The infection will typically take place after the top and bottom eyelids separate and open, at about 10 to 14 days of age.

Often the source of the infection is from infectious vaginal discharge that is transmitted at birth, but an unhygienic environment can also lead to infection in newborns. Staphylococcus spp. bacteria, or Strepto ...read more

Eye Inflammation (Blepharitis) in Dogs

Wed, 19 May 2010 18:47:24 +0000

Blepharitis in Dogs

Blepharitis refers to a condition that involves inflammation of the outer skin and middle (muscle, connective tissue, and glands) portions of the eyelids. This condition is usually seen with the secondary inflammation of the inner surface of the eyelid (palpebral conjunctiva).

Symptoms and Types

Scaly, flaky skin near the eye
Intense itching, scratching of the eye
Watery, mucous or pus containing eye discharge
Edema and thickening of the eyelids
Abraded area(s) where the skin ...read more

Eye Inflammation (Choroid and Retina) in Dogs

Fri, 08 Aug 2008 19:45:10 +0000

Chorioretinitis in Dogs

Chorioretinitis is a medical condition that affects the eyes; the term refers to inflammation of the choroid and retina. The retina is a layered membrane that lines the inner eyeball and which contains the light-sensitive rods, cones, and cells that convert images into signals and send messages to the brain to allow for vision. The choroid is located immediately under the retina and is part of the middle layer of the eyeball that contains the blood vessels. The choroid is also called the posterior uvea., which is the entire middle layer of the eyeball that cont ...read more

Eye Inflammation in Dogs

Fri, 10 Oct 2008 16:44:42 +0000

Conjunctivitis in Dogs

The conjunctiva is the moist tissue that covers the front part of the eyeball and lines the eyelids. Breeds that tend to have allergies or autoimmune skin diseases tend to have more problems with inflammation of the conjunctiva. They are also more likely to have dry eyes, the result of a disease in which the animal is allergic to substances in the environment, such as pollen, that would not normally cause health problems. Otherwise, there does not appear to be a breed predilection for this disease.

Conjunctivitis can affects both dogs and cats. If you w ...read more

Eye Inflammation in Dogs

Mon, 16 Aug 2010 21:08:46 +0000

Anterior Uveitis in Dogs

When the uvea, the dark tissue at the front of the eye that contains the blood vessels, becomes inflamed, it creates a painful condition that is clinically referred to as anterior uveitis (which means, literally, inflammation of the front of the eye). This condition affects the dog's iris and the surrounding pupil tissue, which in turn, could threaten your dog's vision.

Symptoms and Types

Pain
Redness of the eye
Excessive tears
Discharge
Squinting
Pupil ...read more

Eye Injuries in Dogs

Mon, 11 Aug 2008 16:59:38 +0000

Corneal and Scleral Lacerations in Dogs

The cornea is the transparent outer layer at the front (anterior) of the eye. The sclera, the white of the eye, is composed of a tough covering that protects the eyeball. In medical terms, a penetrating injury is a wound, or foreign object that enters the eye but does not completely pass through the cornea or sclera. A perforating injury, on the other hand, is a wound or foreign body that completely passes through the cornea or the sclera. Needless to say, the latter is a greater risk to vision.

In medical terms, a simple injury involve ...read more

Eye Ulcer in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 14:06:03 +0000

Ulcerative Keratitis in Dogs

The cornea -- the transparent part of the eye --forms a cover over the iris and pupil. It also admits light to the inside of the eye. A corneal ulcer occurs when deeper layers of the cornea are lost; these ulcers are classified as superficial or deep. If your dog's eyes are tearing excessively, or it is squinting, there is a possibility of a corneal ulcer (or ulcerative keratitis).

Symptoms

Red, painful eye
Watery eye
Squinting
Sensitivity to light
Rubbing at the ey ...read more

Eyelash Disorders in Dogs

Tue, 20 Oct 2009 20:26:19 +0000

Trichiasis, Distichiasis, and Ectopic Cilia in Dogs

Trichiasis, distichiasis, and ectopic cilia are eyelash disorders that are found in dogs. Trichiasis is in-growth of the eyelashes; distichiasis is an eyelash that grows from an abnormal spot on the eyelid; and ectopic cilia are single or multiple hairs that grow through the inside of the eyelid. In all of these conditions, the eyelash hair can come into contact with and damage the cornea or conjunctiva of the eye.

These conditions are commonly seen in young dogs but dogs of any age or breed may be affected. However, t ...read more

Eyelid Protrusion ('Cherry Eye') in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:07:34 +0000

Prolapsed Gland of the Third Eyelid in Dogs

Prolapsed gland of the eyelid refers to a pink mass protruding from the animal's eyelid; it is also called a "cherry eye." Normally, the gland development is anchored by an attachment made up of fibrous material.

This medical condition occurs in both dogs and cats, although it typically affects younger animals. If you would like to learn how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

...read more

Failure to Absorb Vitamin B12 in Dogs

Fri, 10 Oct 2008 16:26:13 +0000

Cobalamin Malabsorption

Cobalamin malabsorption refers to a genetic abnormality by which the vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, fails to be absorbed from the intestine. This condition occurs secondary to the absence of a specific binding receptor in the lower intestine (the ileum) for intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex (IF-cbl). This is a rare disease that tends to affect Giant Schnauzers, Border Collies, and Beagles. In the Giant Schnauzer, it is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait. Symptoms generally appear at 6 to ...read more

Failure to Thrive in Collie Dogs

Wed, 08 Apr 2009 19:52:03 +0000

Cyclic Hematopoiesis in Dogs

Cyclic hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) in color-dilute gray collie pups is characterized by frequent episodes of infection with failure to thrive and early death. Clinically, the pups may appear normal for the first 4–6 weeks and then develop diarrhea, conjunctivitis, gingivitis, pneumonia, skin infections, carpal joint pain, and fever. A frequent cause of death of the pups is intussusception (blockage) of the small intestine.

Episodes of illness, varying from inactivity accompanied by fever, to life-threatening infection, repeat at ...read more

False Pregnancy in Female Dogs

Sat, 10 Apr 2010 13:39:23 +0000

Pseudo-pregnancy in Female Dogs

False pregnancy, or pseudopregnancy, is a term used to denote a common condition in a non-pregnant female dog that is showing symptoms of pregnancy, lactation, or nursing, without producing puppies. The affected female dog shows these symptoms about a month or two after her estrus (heat) is over. A hormonal imbalance is thought to play a central role in affected female dogs. Depending on the severity of problem, the symptoms may last for more than a month.

Symptoms and Types

Behavioral changes
Non-preg ...read more

Familial Shar-Pei Fever

Wed, 26 May 2010 19:54:27 +0000

This familial immunoreactive disorder is found only in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs, characterized by episodic fever and swollen hocks (back of the leg). If left untreated, it can lead to excessive amyloid accumulation throughout the body and subsequent kidney and liver failure.

Symptoms and Types

Fever (for up to 24-36 hours)
Loss of appetite (anorexia)
L ...read more

Fatty Layer or Nodule Under the Skin in Dogs

Mon, 19 Apr 2010 17:40:42 +0000

Panniculitis in Dogs

The term “panniculitis” refers to an inflammation of the subcutaneous fat tissue. That is, the layer of fat just under the dog's skin becomes inflamed. Though uncommon, the fatty tissue typically concentrates and affects the trunk area as a single nodule or as multiple nodules. In addition, as a result of secondary infections and other complications, the fat cells within the nodule(s) may die.

Dogs of any age, sex, or breed may be affected by panniculitis. However, dachshunds, collies, and miniature poodles are more at risk.

Symptoms ...read more

Fatty Skin Tumors in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 19:57:56 +0000

Lipoma in Dogs

Lipomas are subcutaneous (underneath the skin) masses or tumors that develop commonly in dogs. They are usually soft, with limited mobility under the skin. The overlying skin is usually not affected. Over time they can grow larger and can impede movement if they are located between the legs or low on the chest. Most dogs that develop a lipoma will develop multiple tumors. But, it is important to recognize that additional masses do not necessarily indicate malignancy or metastasis. Since other cutaneous masses may appear similar to lipomas, it is recommended that every m ...read more

Fatty Tissue Inflammation in Dogs

Sat, 27 Feb 2010 23:51:29 +0000

Steatitis in Dogs

Steatitis is characterized by inflammation of the fatty tissue. Nutrition is often involved in the pathology of this condition. Ingestion of large amounts of dietary unsaturated fats without sufficient antioxidant activity may result in peroxidation (where free radicals "steal" electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage) with subsequent fat necrosis (death of fat cells) and steatitis.

Steatitis in dogs can also occur secondary to infection, inflammatory disorders, vasculopathy (disease of the blood vessels), cancer, injur ...read more

Fatty Tissue Tumor (Benign) in Dogs

Mon, 31 May 2010 22:36:57 +0000

Infiltrative Lipoma in Dogs

Infiltrative lipoma is a variant tumor that does not metastasize (spread), but which is known to infiltrate the soft tissues, notably the muscles. It is an invasive, benign tumor composed of fatty tissue, and while it is known mainly for its penetration into muscular tissue, it is also commonly found in the fasciae (the soft tissue component of the connective tissue system), tendons, nerves, blood vessels, salivary glands, lymph nodes, joint capsules, and occasionally the bones. Muscle infiltration is often so extensive that surgery cannot be performed wit ...read more

Fibrotic Hardening of the Lungs (Pneumonia) in Dogs

Mon, 17 Nov 2008 21:00:01 +0000

Pulmonary Fibrosis in Dogs

Pulmonary fibrosis is one form of pneumonia that can affect dogs. The development of this disease results in inflammation and scarring of the tiny air sacs of the lungs and lung tissue. The reactive scarring of the lungs results in fibrotic tissue buildup, where the tissue becomes excessively thick, reducing the ability of the affected sacs to pass oxygen into the blood stream. Therefore, as the disease progresses, less oxygen than normal is passed into the body’s tissues when the dog breathes.

The factors which initiate pulmonary fibrosis are ...read more

Flea and Tick Medicine Poisoning in Dogs

Mon, 17 Nov 2008 22:12:40 +0000

Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Toxicity in Dogs

Pyrethrin and pyrethroid are insecticides typically used for treating flea and tick infestations. Pyrethrins are derived from the Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium plant, and from pyrethrum-related plant species. Pyrethroids are similar, but are synthetic rather than naturally based, and are longer lasting; these include allethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, permethrin, phenothrin, tetramethrin, and etofenprox, an ether.

An adverse reaction to any of these toxins will affect the dog's nervous system, r ...read more

Flea Control and Flea Bite Allergies in Dogs

Thu, 14 Aug 2008 16:29:28 +0000

Flea Bite Hypersensitivity in Dogs

Flea bite hypersensitivity and flea allergic dermatitis is the most common skin disease in pets. Flea allergies usually develop when dogs are young (less than one and up to five years of age), but allergies can begin at any age. The saliva from the flea is actually believed to be the cause of the allergy or sensitivity.

The flea life cycle includes the adult flea, egg, larva and pupa. Adult fleas do bite, but cannot survive long if they are not on the dog. Once the adult flea lays its eggs on the host it will fall off, leaving the eggs to mu ...read more

Fluid Buildup in the Kidney Due to Kidney or Ureter Obstruction in Dogs

Mon, 31 Aug 2009 20:42:17 +0000

Hydronephrosis in Dogs

Hydronephrosis is usually one-sided and occurs secondary to complete or partial obstruction of the kidney or ureter by kidney stones, tumor, retroperitoneal (the anatomical space behind the abdominal cavity), disease, trauma, radiotherapy, and accidental binding of the ureter during spaying and after ectopic ureter surgery.

In most patients, hydronephrosis occ ...read more

Fluid Buildup in the Sac Surrounding the Heart in Dogs

Wed, 24 Sep 2008 20:00:27 +0000

Pericardial Effusion in Dogs

Pericardial effusion is a condition in which an abnormally large amount of fluid collects in the pericardial sac that surrounds the dog's heart (pericardium). A secondary condition, referred to as cardiac tamponade, results from this retention of fluid, as the swelling of fluid applies pressure on the beating heart, compressing it and restricting its ability to pump blood.

The pressure inside the heart increases, and since the right atrium and ventricles normally have the lowest cardiac filling pressures, they are the most affected by cardiac tamp ...read more

Fluid in Abdomen in Dogs

Thu, 14 Aug 2008 17:24:22 +0000

Ascites in Dogs

Ascites, also known as abdominal effusion, is the medical term referring to the buildup of fluid in the abdomen of a dog. This may cause symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and loss of appetite. A wide variety of causes may be responsible for ascites, thus treatments vary accordingly.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to le ...read more

Fluid in Chest (Pleural Effusion) in Dogs

Wed, 24 Sep 2008 21:08:21 +0000

Pleural Effusion in Dogs

Pleural effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the chest cavity (which is lined by a membrane, or pleural lining). This occurs either because too little fluid is being absorbed in the pleural cavity, or because too much fluid is being produced in the pleural cavity.

Alterations in the dog's blood pressure and protein content in the blood, or the penetrability of blood vessels and lymphatic function, may contribute to fluid accumulation.

Pleural effusion can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how th ...read more

Fluid in the Chest in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 18:18:03 +0000

Chylothorax in Dogs

Chylothorax is a condition that results from the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the chest cavity where the heart and lungs reside (pleural cavity). The main culprit of this condition is chyle, a digestive fluid that is formed in the small intestine and conveyed by the thoracic duct to the veins. En route to the veins, chyle can leak into the chest cavity, accumulating there and causing excessive pressure on the chest and its organs.

Chyle is a milky to slightly yellow fluid made up of lymph and fats from the intestines and transferred to the circulatio ...read more

Fluid in the Lungs in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:12:51 +0000

Pulmonary Edema in Dogs

Pulmonary edema is identified as the buildup of fluid in the lungs. It is often associated with pneumonia, although there are many other possible causes. Normal lungs have fluid that is moved from the lungs into the internal space of the body, an on-going process for normal healthy function. Any added pressure in the dog's lungs can damage this mechanism, which leads to fluid buildup in the lungs.

If this excess fluid is not removed, edema forms. Damage can occur if this condition is left untreated, but when treated appropriately, the outcome is ...read more

Fluid Retention and Tissue Swelling Due to Collection of Lymph in Dogs

Sun, 18 Apr 2010 08:48:53 +0000

Lymphedema in Dogs

Lymphedema is a medical in which localized fluid retention and tissue swelling are caused by a compromised lymphatic system. The watery fluid, also known as lymph, contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system and typically collects into interstitial spaces, especially subcutaneous fat.

Congential forms of the disease has been reported in bulldogs and poodles, as well as Labrador retrievers and Old English sheepdogs.

Symptoms and Types

The fluid accumulation (edema) is usually not painful and pits; that is, a d ...read more

Folding of the Intestines in Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 18:04:39 +0000

Intussusception in Dogs

Intussusception refers to an inflammation of the intestines, a portion of the intestine that has slipped out of its normal place (prolapse), and a portion of the intestine that has folded (invagination). This change in the shape of the intestine can cause the affected portion of the intestine to slip into an adjoining cavity or duct in the body.

While intussusception can occur in animals of all ages, it is more common in younger animals that have weaker immune systems. In affected animals, around 80 percent are younger than one year of age, and in dogs ...read more

Foot/Toe Cancer in Dogs

Mon, 03 Aug 2009 15:19:05 +0000

Digital Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs

Dogs can be afflicted with several types of skin tumors, even on their feet and toes. The most common type of type of tumor to affect the toes is a squamous cell carcinoma. A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can be described as a malignant and particularly invasive tumor that takes hold in the scale like cells of the epithelium – the tissue that covers the body or lines the cavities of the body. These scale like tissue cells are called the squamous.

Carcinoma is, by definition, an especially malignant and persistent form of cancer, ...read more

Foreign Objects Stuck in the Throat in Dogs

Thu, 17 Dec 2009 10:02:50 +0000

Esophageal Obstruction in Dogs

Dogs tend to eat unusual things. When a dog ingests foreign material or foodstuffs too large to pass through the esophagus (the throat), the esophagus can become blocked. Small-breed dogs, especially terriers, are most apt to have esophageal foreign bodies. Esophageal foreign bodies cause mechanical blockage, swelling, and death of the throat tissue.

Symptoms and Types

Retching
Gagging
Loss of energy
Loss of appetite
Depression
Excessive sali ...read more

Fractures of Upper Jaw and Lower Jaw in Dogs

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 15:51:52 +0000

Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures in Dogs

The maxilla forms the upper jaw (maxilla) and holds the upper teeth in place, whereas, the mandible, also called the jawbone, forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.

Fractures of the upper jaw and lower jaw (mandible) are mostly seen in dogs due to injury or trauma.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms vary greatly depending upon the type, location, extent, and cause of injury. Some of the more common ones include:

Facial deformity
Oral or nasal bleeding
Inab ...read more

Front Leg Deformity in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 19:25:49 +0000

Antebrachial Growth Deformities in Dogs

On occasion, a dog's front leg continues to grow well after the other has stopped, resulting in one normal-sized leg and another irregularly-sized leg. This is commonly referred to as an antebrachial growth deformity. When this occurs the shorter leg's bone may twist and bow, or it overgrows at the elbow. In either case, the result is misalignment of the bones. The tendency of a joint to stop growing seems to be a recessive trait in Skye Terriers. There is also the possibility of elbow joint misalignment in basset hounds and

Front Leg Injury in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 19:52:31 +0000

Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Dogs

Dogs can experience a forelimb issue (sometimes referred to as brachial plexus avulsion) when they are hurt from jumping, have been in a road accident, had a traumatic fall, or have been caught in or on something. The possibility of spinal cord injury, or other severe damage, requires that an examination and assessment be made by a veterinarian. Prompt medical attention is advised.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, pleas ...read more

Fungal Disease (Sporotrichosis) of the Skin in Dogs

Tue, 23 Feb 2010 05:00:23 +0000

Sporotrichosis in Dogs

Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease that affects the skin, respiratory system, bones and sometimes the brain. Infection is caused by the virtually ubiquitous dimorphic (mold and yeast) fungus, Sporothrix schenckii, which typically infects via direct inoculation - that is, through abrasions of the skin or by inhalation. The origin of the fungus is environmental; it is naturally found in soil, plants and sphagnum moss, but it can be communicated zoonotically between different animal species, and between animals and humans.

In dogs, the disease occ ...read more

Fungal Infection (Blastomycosis) in Dogs

Mon, 11 Aug 2008 17:11:41 +0000

Blastomycosis in Dogs

Blastomycosis is a systematic yeastlike fungal infection caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis, which is commonly found in decaying wood and soil. Blastomycosis occurs most frequently in male dogs, but female dogs are also susceptible.

Dogs that are frequently exposed to environments where Blastomyces dermatitidis exists are at increased risk.

This is particularly so with large-breed dogs weighing at least 55 lbs (25 kg), and especially sporting breeds. The Blastomyces fungus thrives in wet environments, such ...read more

Fungal Infection (Coccidioidomycosis) in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 18:47:13 +0000

Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs

Mycosis is the medical term for any disorder caused by a fungus. Coccidioidomycosis comes from inhalation of a soil-borne fungus which normally affects the dog's respiratory system. However, it is known (even likely) to spread out into other body systems.

The fungus spores begin in the lungs as round spherules, and live in a parasitic stage in the lungs until they grow large enough to rupture, releasing hundreds of endospores, which then begin a parasitic stage in the tissues, growing and rupturing, spreading out (disseminating) into the body perpet ...read more

Fungal Infection (Histoplasmosis) in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:44:31 +0000

Histoplasmosis in Dogs

Histoplasmosis refers to a fungal infection caused by the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus. Dogs usually ingest the fungus when they eat or inhale contaminated soil or bird droppings. The fungus then enters the dog's intestinal tract, where it causes a diseased condition to develop.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms for dogs are lack of appetite, weight loss, depression, and diarrhea with straining. Other potential signs may include:

Coughing
Difficulty breathing (dyspnea), associated with harsh lung ...read more

Fungal Infection (Malassezia pachydermatis) of the Skin in Dogs

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 15:34:32 +0000

Malassezia Dermatitis in Dogs

Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast found on the skin and ears of dogs. Though a normal inhabitant of these regions, an abnormal overgrowth of the yeast can cause dermatitis, or inflammation of the skin. The exact reasons behind this disease are not yet known, but it has been linked to allergy, seborrhea, and possibly congenital (born with) and hormonal factors.

Malassezia dermatitis can affect any breed of dog, but the following breeds are predisposed to this disease: poodles, basset hounds, West Highland white terriers, cocker spaniels ...read more

Fungal Infection (Pneumocystosis) of the Lung in Dogs

Wed, 17 Mar 2010 21:16:55 +0000

Pneumocystosis in Dogs

Pneumocystosis is a fungal (Pneumocystis carinii) infection of the respiratory system. Commonly found in the environment, P. carinii only affects dogs (or humans) with compromised immune systems. This is because the weakened body defenses allows the organism to multiply and grow to critical levels in the lungs.

Symptoms and Types

Generally, the breathing difficulties will progressively worsen over a four-week period. Other signs associated with pneumocystosis include:

Fungal Infection (Rhinosporidiosis) in Dogs

Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:39:54 +0000

Rhinosporidiosis in Dogs

Rhinosporidiosis is a very rare chronic (long-term) infection that typically occurs in the mucous membranes of dogs. It most commonly occurs in the nose and nostrils, but can also take hold in the nose and eyes. Rhinosporidiosis belongs to the zoonotic class of fungal infections, meaning that it can be transmitted to humans.

Symptoms and Types

Signs and symptoms of rhinosporidiosis include the following: sneezing, bleeding, wheezing, or labored breathing; an infection of the nostrils with a cauliflower-like growth; a polyp or other growth loc ...read more

Fungal Toxicosis Related to Fusarium Fungus in Dogs

Mon, 24 May 2010 17:36:25 +0000

Mycotoxicosis-Deoxynivalenol in Dogs

Mycotoxicosis is the medical term used to describe a diseased state that is brought on by a mycotoxin, a toxic chemical that is produced by a fungal organism, such as molds and yeasts. Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin for its effect on the digestive system, is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium graminearum in grains such as corn, wheat, oats, and barley. Mycotoxicosis-deoxynivalenol refers to the toxic reaction that results when a dog ingests pet food that was made with DON-contaminated grain.

Symptoms and Ty ...read more

Gallbladder and Bile Duct Inflammation in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 17:47:31 +0000

Cholecystitis and Choledochitis in Dogs

The gallbladder rests in the abdomen, firmly affixed to the liver and serving as a storage receptacle for bile, a fluid that is essential for digesting food in the stomach and intestines. The bile duct transports bile from the liver into the gallbladder and into the small intestine, and the liver functions in the secretion of the bile. All of the components of this digestive system work in tandem, and if one fails to function properly, the result is that most of the body will suffer ill effects.

Inflammation of the gallbladder is someti ...read more

Gallbladder Obstruction in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 19:36:41 +0000

Gallbladder Mucocele in Dogs

Gallbladder mucocele causes obstruction of the gallbladder's storage capacity due to the formation of a thick, mucoid bile mass inside the gallbladder, impairing its ability to function. The accumulated bile may extend the gallbladder, resulting in necrotizing cholecystitis – tissue death due to inflammation of the gallbladder.

Gallbladder mucocele is common among middle-aged to older dogs, particularly Shetland sheepdogs, cocker spaniels and miniature schnauzers, and is not gender-specific.

Symptoms and Types

G ...read more

Gallstones in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 18:04:36 +0000

Cholelithiasis in Dogs

Cholelithiasis is a medical condition resulting from the formation of stones in the gallbladder. Gallstones are typically made up of calcium or other secreted substances. Gallstones occur in dogs, but, the bile in dogs is different from that in humans in that it has low cholesterol saturation. In fact, in dogs there is usually lower cholesterol and calcium stone composition than in humans. Miniature Schnauzers, Poodles, and

Gas in Dogs

Thu, 17 Jul 2008 16:15:35 +0000

Flatulence in Dogs

Sitting next to a dog with flatulence can be an unpleasant experience. The gaseous odors that emanate from the dog can be overbearing to the senses, but they may also be indicative of an underlying health condition that needs to be treated. In most cases gas is harmless. Of course, bacterial fermentation of nutrients, as in humans, does sometimes result in the noxious gases that escape from time to time, but you may be surprised to find that the source of most gas in dogs comes simply from swallowing too much air.

The condition or disease described in this ...read more

Generalized Inflammatory Muscle Diseases in Dogs

Fri, 26 Feb 2010 01:41:09 +0000

Polymositis and Dermatomyositis in Dogs

Polymositis and dermatomyositis are both generalized disorders which involve the inflammation of the dog's muscles. More specifically, polymyositis involves skeletal muscle damage due to inflammation, but with no pus formation, whereas dermatomyositis is a form of polymyositis in which characteristic skin lesions are also seen.

Various breeds of dog, including Newfoundland and boxer, may be affected by polymositis, while dermatomyositis is typically reported in rough-coated collies, Shetland sheepdogs, and Australian cattle dogs.
...read more

Genetic Liver Abnormality in Dogs

Thu, 30 Oct 2008 20:29:54 +0000

Hepatoportal Microvascular Dysplasia in Dogs

Hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia (MVD) is a blood vessel abnormality inside the liver that causes shunting (bypass) between the portal vein (the blood vessel that connects the gastrointestinal tract with the liver) and circulation into the system. It may be caused by microscopic lesions on the liver, abnormal development, abnormal positioning, or throttling due to a prominent smooth muscle that prevents blood flow. The lobes of the liver are involved, some severely, others very little. This is suspected when the bile is not doing its wo ...read more

Giant Cell Tumors in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:52:33 +0000

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma

A malignant fibrous histiocytoma refers to an invasive tumor that contains an excessive number of histiocytes, the white blood cells that reside within the normal connective tissue of the body. Referred to as tissue macrophages, histiocytes play a defensive role in the body’s immune response, engulfing cellular debris and infectious agents, as well as initiating defense mechanisms in the system.

Generally, histiocytomas are benign growths, but there are documented cases of malignant fibrous histiocytomas, where the tumor is composed of bot ...read more

Glaucoma in Dogs

Tue, 08 Dec 2009 13:40:47 +0000

Disease of the Optic Nerve in Dogs

Glaucoma is a condition in which pressure is placed on the eye, causing inadequate fluid drainage in the eye. If the condition becomes chronic or persists without treatment, it will eventually cause permanent damage to the optic nerve, resulting in blindness.

Glaucoma is common in certain dog breeds that are genetically predisposed, such as samoyeds, cocker Spaniels, poodles, chow chows, and Siberians. Unfortunately, 40 percent of dogs affected by glaucoma will become blind in the affected eye within the first year, regardless of medical or ...read more

Glomerulonephritis in Dogs

Fri, 16 Apr 2010 11:13:03 +0000

The glomeruli is a network of tiny vessels that filters waste products as it passes through the kidneys during urine formation. When the vessels become inflamed and subsequent impairment is referred to as glomerulonephritis. The most common cause of glomerulonephritis is the deposition and entrapment of antigen-antibody complexes (such as a toxin or enzyme) within the glomeruli. Moreoever, familial glomerulonephritis has been described in Bernese mountain dogs, bull terriers, Dalmatians, Samoyeds, Doberman pinschers, cocker spaniels, Newfoundlands, greyhounds, rottweilers, and soft-c ...read more

Glucose in the Urine in Dogs

Mon, 26 Apr 2010 12:08:35 +0000

Glucosuria in Dogs

Glucosuria (or glycosuria) is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Normally, the kidneys are able to reclaim all of the filtered glucose from the urine into the bloodstream. Glucosuria therefore is nearly always due to kidney disorders, such as diabetes mellitus.

Symptoms and Types

Glucosuria is categorized as hyperglycemic (170–220 mg/dL) or normoglycemic, and subcategorized as transient or persistent. Symptoms will depend on the underlying disease, but some possible signs include:

Diluted urine
Incre ...read more

Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy in Irish Setters

Mon, 26 Apr 2010 12:21:04 +0000

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy is a rare inherited disease in which the affected dog develops a sensitivity from eating gluten found in wheat and other grains. Only reported in the Irish setter breed in the United Kingdom, the disease causes diarrhea and weight loss.

Symptoms and Types

Mild diarrhea
Poor weight gain (or weight loss)

...read more

Glycogen Storage Disease in Dogs

Wed, 05 Nov 2008 17:47:43 +0000

Glycogenosis in Dogs

Glycogen storage disease, also known as glycogenosis, is characterized by deficient or defective activity of the enzymes responsible for metabolizing glycogen in the body. It is a rare inherited disorder with various types, all of which lead to the accumulation of glycogen, the main carbohydrate storage material in the body which aids short term energy storage in cells by converting to glucose as the body needs it for metabolic requirements. This abnormal accumulation in the tissues can result in the enlargement and dysfunction of various organs, including the liv ...read more

Gum Disease in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 20:13:23 +0000

Periodontal Disease in Dogs

Periodontal disease is an inflammation of some or all of a tooth’s deep supporting structures. Today, it is one of the most common diseases in dogs.

If food particles and bacteria are allowed to accumulate along the dog's gumline, it can form plaque, which, when combined with saliva and minerals, will transform into calculus. This causes gum irritation and leads to an inflammatory condition called gingivitis. Gingivitis, which is evidenced by a reddening of the gums directly bordering the teeth, is considered to be an early stage of periodont ...read more

Hair Follicle Tumors in Dogs

Mon, 03 Aug 2009 15:10:10 +0000

Trichoepitheliomas and Pilomatricomas in Dogs

Hair follicle tumors are generally benign tumors that originate in the hair follicles in the skin. There are two types of hair follicle tumors, trichoepitheliomas, which arise from cystic hair follicles (follicles that have closed over, like a sac), and pilomatricomas, which arise from the cells that produce the hair follicles.

Trichoepitheliomas are small benign tumors, often found along a cat's back, shoulders, flank, tail or limbs. Pilomatricomas are rare skin tumors that develop from the hair matrix, where the cells which grow ...read more

Hair Loss Due to Lack of Growth Hormone in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 03:18:47 +0000

Growth Hormone-Responsive Dermatoses in Dogs

Dermatosis, or skin diseases, due to a deficiency of growth hormones are uncommon in dogs. However, there are two types of dermatosis that affect canines: pituitary dwarfism (seen at two to three months of age) and adult-onset hormone-responsive dermatosis (skin disease usually seen at one to two years of age).

Pituitary dwarfism is most often seen in German Shepherds, but has also been reported in Spitzes, Toy Pinschers, and Carnelian Bear Dogs. Adult-onset hormone-responsive dermatosis has been reported in Chow Chows, Pomeranian ...read more

Hair Loss in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 18:39:25 +0000

Alopecia in Dogs

Hair loss (alopecia) is a common disorder in dogs which causes the animal to have partial or complete hair loss. It can affect a dog's skin, its endocrine system, its lymphatic system, and its immune systems. Alopecia can affect dogs and cats of all ages, breed and gender, and is either gradual or acute.

If you would like to learn more how alopecia affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD healthy library.

Symptoms and Types

Alopecia is extremely noticea ...read more

Hardening and Blockage of the Arteries in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 20:46:17 +0000

Atherosclerosis in Dogs

Atherosclerosis is a condition in which lipids (the oily substance that is part of the cell structure), fatty materials, such as cholesterol, and calcium collect along the walls of the arteries (blood vessels that carry oxygen-enriched blood). This buildup is referred to as plaque, and over time results in loss of elasticity, and a narrowing of the lumen (the inner space) of the affected arteries. Over time the deposited fatty material thickens, hardens, and ultimately blocks the arteries, or, it may rupture, causing blood clots to form and travel to other part ...read more

Head Pressing in Dogs

Wed, 05 Nov 2008 18:44:04 +0000

Pressing the Head Against Objects in Dogs

Head pressing is a condition characterized by the compulsive act of pressing the head against a wall or other object for no apparent reason. This generally indicates damage to the nervous system, which may result from a number of causes, including prosencephalon disease (in which the forebrain and thalamus parts of the brain are damaged), and some types of toxic poisoning.

This condition can affect dogs of any breed or age-range.

Symptoms and Types

The act of head pressing is just one sign of prosencephalon disease, ...read more

Head Tilt, Disorientation in Dogs

Tue, 19 Jan 2010 21:21:16 +0000

Idiopathic Vestibular Disease in Dogs

Observing a dog tilting its head frequently is an indication that the dog feels imbalanced. The medical description of head tilt involves tilting of the head to either side of the body, away from its orientation with the trunk and limbs. The dog may appear to be trying to prevent itself from falling, or struggling to retain a balanced posture.

A common cause of head tilting in dogs are disorders of the vestibular system, a sensory system located in the inner ear which provides information needed to hold the body in an upright position and ...read more

Hearing Loss in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:31:36 +0000

Deafness in Dogs

Deafness refers to the lack (or loss) of an animal's ability to hear -- this can either be complete or partial loss. If the dog is deaf at birth (congenital), it will be very apparent to you at a young age. More than 30 breeds of dogs have a known susceptibility for deafness: Australian shepherd, Boston terrier, cocker spaniel,

Heart (Aortic) Blood Clot in Dogs

Thu, 15 Apr 2010 08:14:42 +0000

Aortic Thromboembolism in Dogs

Aortic thromboembolism, also referred to as saddle thrombus, is a common heart condition which results from a blood clot dislodging within the aorta, leading to the interruption of blood flow to tissues served by that segment of the aorta. The largest artery in the body, the aorta distributes oxygenated blood to many parts of the body, including the legs, kidneys, intestines, and brain. Therefore, complications arising in the aorta can be very serious.

Aortic thromboembolism is rare in dogs in comparison with

Heart (Aortic) Valve Narrowing in Dogs

Fri, 26 Mar 2010 13:29:05 +0000

Aortic Stenosis in Dogs

Aortic stenosis refers to the narrowing of the aortic valve, which controls the blood flow from the left ventricle (one of the dog's four heart chambers) to the aorta ventricular outflow tract. This obstruction puts undue pressure on the heart, causing heart muscle cells to increase in size to maintain forward blood flow and subsequent thickening of the heart wall.

Aortic stenosis is congenital (present at birth) in nature, often found in large breeds such as the Newfoundland, German shepherd, golden retriever, rottweiler, and boxer. It is also the sec ...read more

Heart and Carotid Artery Tumors in Dogs

Wed, 30 Dec 2009 10:48:09 +0000

Chemodectoma in Dogs

Chemodectomas are generally benign tumors that grow from the chemoreceptor tissue of the body. These are the tissues that are most sensitive to chemical changes in the body, such as oxygen content and pH levels in the blood. While chemoreceptor tissues can be located throughout the body, chemodectomas mainly affect the chemoreceptor organs: the aorta and the carotid organs (i.e., heart and carotid artery).

Chemodectomas are relatively uncommon in dogs, but there does appear to be some breed and age predilection.

Heart Attack in Dogs

Fri, 12 Feb 2010 15:57:07 +0000

Myocardial Infarction in Dogs

Much like in humans, a heart attack (or myocardial infarction) in dogs occurs when blood flow to a portion of the myocardium (the heart's muscular wall) is blocked, causing the premature death of a portion of the myocardium. Generally, this is due to the formation of a blood clot (or thrombus) within the blood vessels or heart.

Heart attacks are rare in both dogs and cats.

Symptoms and Types

Weakness
Let ...read more

Heart Beat Problems (Fibrillation and Flutter) in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 20:52:11 +0000

Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter in Dogs

A dog's heart is divided into four chambers. The two top chambers are called the atria (single: atrium) whereas the bottom chambers are called the ventricles. Valves are provided between each atrial and ventricular pair, each on the left and right side. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve, where the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is called the mitral valve. The heart works with exceptional synchronization between the various atrial and ventricular structures, resulting in ...read more

Heart Beat Problems (Premature Complexes) in Dogs

Thu, 17 Dec 2009 09:36:43 +0000

Atrial Premature Complexes in Dogs

There are four chambers in the heart. The two top chambers are the atria (single: atrium), and two bottom chambers are the ventricles. Under normal circumstances, the heart works with exceptional synchronization between the various atrial and ventricular structures, resulting in a consistent rhythmic pattern. Atrial premature complexes result in an abnormal rhythmic disturbance, where the heart beats prematurely, before the normal timing, or pacing.

Excluding animals born with a congenital heart disease, atrial premature complexes often aff ...read more

Heart Beat Problems (Standstill) in Dogs

Thu, 15 Apr 2010 08:50:59 +0000

Atrial Standstill in Dogs

Atrial standstill is a rare heart rhythm disturbance characterized by abnormal ECG (electrocardiogram) findings. Specifically, the ECG identifies missing P-waves, a measure of the electrical activity in the atria, the top two chambers in the dog's heart.

Atrial standstill can be temporary, persistent, or terminal (due to complications such as heart failure) and is most commonly seen in English springer spaniels. Along with absent P-waves, the ECG of the dog may demonstrate a slow heart rate with regular or irregular rhythm.

Symptoms and Type ...read more

Heart Block (Complete) in Dogs

Sat, 10 Apr 2010 11:47:46 +0000

Atrioventricular Block, Complete (Third Degree) in Dogs

The heart's sinoartial node (SA) is very much like a control center, responsible for controlling the heart rate. This electrical conduction system generates electrical impulses (waves), which propagate through the atrioventricular (AV) node and into the ventricles, stimulating the heart's muscles to contract and push blood through the interior arteries and out into the body.

Complete, or third-degree, atrioventricular block is a condition in which all impulses generated by the SA node are blocked at the AV node, leading ...read more

Heart Block (First-Degree) in Dogs

Thu, 17 Dec 2009 09:42:11 +0000

Atrioventricular Block, First Degree in Dogs

The heart has an electrical conduction system that is responsible for controlling the heart rate. This electrical conduction system generates electrical impulses (waves), which propagate throughout the musculature of the heart, stimulating the heart's muscles to contract and push blood through the interior arteries and out into the body.

A normal heart contraction is caused by an electrical impulse originating from the sinoatrial node, stimulating the atria, traveling to the atrioventricular node and finally to the ventricles. Fir ...read more

Heart Block (Mobitz Type I) in Dogs

Mon, 11 May 2009 14:55:04 +0000

Atrioventricular Block, Second Degree–Mobitz Type I in Dogs

The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges. The atria, the two upper chambers of the heart that receive and send out blood, are prompted into action by the SA node's electrical impulse, which then activates the atrioventricular node (AV node). The AV node conducts the normal electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, coordinating the mechanical acti ...read more

Heart Block (Mobitz Type II) in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 21:12:22 +0000

Atrioventricular Block, Second Degree–Mobitz Type II in Dogs

A dog's heart is divided into four chambers. The two top chambers are the atria (singular: atrium), and the bottom chambers are the ventricles. The heart has an electrical conduction system that is responsible for controlling the heart rate. This electrical conduction system generates electrical impulses (waves), which propagate throughout the musculature of the heart, stimulating the heart's muscles to contract and push blood through the interior arteries and out into the body. There are two nodes (masses of tissue) p ...read more

Heart Block or Conduction Delay (Left Anterior) in Dogs

Sat, 27 Mar 2010 14:56:23 +0000

Left Anterior Fascicular Block in Dogs

Left Anterior Fascicular Block (LAFB) is a heart problem that originates due to an abnormally functioning conduction system, which is responsible for generating electrical impulses (waves) that propagate throughout the musculature of the heart, stimulating the heart muscles to contract and pump blood. If the conduction system is affected, not only will contraction of the heart muscles be affected, but the timing and frequency of heartbeats too. Fortunately, this condition is uncommon in dogs.

Symptoms and Types

There are no specific s ...read more

Heart Block or Conduction Delay (Left Bundle) in Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 19:55:26 +0000

Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) in Dogs

Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) is a defect in the heart’s electrical conduction system in which the left ventricle (one of the dog's four heart chambers) is not directly activated by the electric impulses through the left posterior and anterior fascicles of the left bundle branch, causing the deflections in the electrocardiographic tracing (QRS) to become wide and bizarre. LBBB may be complete or partial in nature.

Symptoms and Types

Often, no specific symptoms are seen that can be attributed to LBBB, only those that are ...read more

Heart Block or Conduction Delay (Right Bundle) in Dogs

Fri, 19 Mar 2010 16:44:54 +0000

Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) in Dogs

Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) is a defect in the heart’s electrical conduction system in which the right ventricle (one of the dog's four heart chambers) is not directly activated by the electric impulses through the right bundle branch. RBBB may be complete or partial in nature.

Symptoms and Types

Often, no specific symptoms are seen that can be attributed to RBB, only those that are related to the underlying disease causing the defect.

Causes

Although it may be present in normal dogs, a right bundl ...read more

Heart Cancer (Hemagiosarcoma) in Dogs

Fri, 13 Nov 2009 21:49:35 +0000

Hemangisaroma of the Heart in Dogs

Where hemangio refers to the blood vessels and sarcoma a type of aggressive, malignant cancer that arises from the connective tissues of the body, a hemangiosarcoma of the heart is a tumor that originates in the blood vessels that line the heart. This is the most common cardiac tumor seen in dogs. A hemangiosarcoma may originate in the heart, or it may have metastasized to the heart from another location in the body. It is most commonly reported in mid to large size breeds, such as boxers, German shepherds and golden retrievers, and in older dogs &nd ...read more

Heart Defect (Congenital) in Dogs

Wed, 24 Sep 2008 19:15:27 +0000

Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs

The aorta is the main artery that feeds oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body. The pulmonary (lung) artery travels from the right side of the heart to the lungs, carrying deoxygenated blood to be oxygenated. Once the blood has been oxygenated by the lungs, it then returns to the left side of the hearty through the pulmonary veins to be pumped out into the body by the aorta.

In the womb, the fetus’ descending aorta is connected to the pulmonary artery by the ductus arteriosus blood vessel, allowing blood to flow dir ...read more

Heart Disease (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) in Dogs

Fri, 10 Oct 2008 16:17:57 +0000

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic in Dogs

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a rare form of heart muscle disease in dogs. It is characterized by a thickening of the walls of the heart, which leads to an inadequate amount of blood being pumped out into the body when the heart contracts during the systolic phase (pushing blood out into the arteries). When the heart relaxes between contractions during the diastolic phase (taking blood in from the vessels), an insufficient amount of blood will fill the chambers of the heart. Ultimately, HCM often will lead to congestive heart failure.
&nbs ...read more

Heart Disease of the Sinus Node in Dogs

Tue, 07 Oct 2008 20:54:08 +0000

Sick Sinus Syndrome in Dogs

The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges. Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a disorder of the heart’s electrical impulse formation within the sinus node. It is also a disorder of the conduction of the electrical impulse out of the sinus node. Sick sinus syndrome will also affect subsidiary (backup) pacemakers and the specialized conduction system of the heart. Pacemaker refers to the generation of el ...read more

Heart Failure Due to Valve Defect in Dogs

Wed, 10 Jun 2009 21:31:19 +0000

Atrioventricular Valve Endocardiosis in Dogs

The heart is divided into four chambers. The two upper chambers are the atria (singular: atrium), and two lower chambers are the ventricles. Atrioventricular (AV) valves are present between each atrial and ventricular pair. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the tricuspid valve, while the valve between the left atrium and ventricle is called the mitral valve.

In endocardiosis, excessive fibrous tissue develops in the atrioventricular valves, affecting both the structure and function of the valves. Over a per ...read more

Heart Failure, Congestive (Right-sided) in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 21:12:28 +0000

Congestive Heart Failure (Right-sided) in Dogs

Right-sided congestive heart failure occurs when the heart fails to pump blood at the rate required to meet the basic needs of the body. While it is not curable, there are treatment options that can improve the quality of life for your dog.

Symptoms

All organ systems in the body can be affected by congestive heart failure. Common signs include weakness, lethargy, difficulty breathing, an enlarged liver, and abdominal distension. Upon physical examination, several signs of the disease may present, including jugular vein d ...read more

Heart Impulse Block in Dogs

Tue, 11 Nov 2008 20:40:37 +0000

Cardiac Electrical Failure in Dogs

The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges. Sinus arrest is a disorder of heart beat impulse formation caused by a slowing down, or cessation of spontaneous sinus nodal automaticity – the automatic behavior of the tissues that set the pace for the heart's rhythm. It is the failure of the sinoatrial (SA) node to initiate an impulse at the expected time that leads to sinus arrest. Persistent ...read more

Heart Inflammation (Myocarditis) in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 14:38:58 +0000

Myocarditis in Dogs

Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart's muscular wall (or myocardium), often caused by infectious agents. That is, bacterial, viral, rikettsial, fungal, and protozoal agents directly affecting the heart or reaching the heart from other body parts can lead to myocarditis.

Clinical symptoms depend on the type of infection and extent of lesions, but in severe cases, heart failure may result.

Symptoms and Types

The inflammation itself may be focal or diffused throughout the myocardium. Other symptoms associated with myocarditis include ...read more

Heart Medicine Poisoning in Dogs

Thu, 14 Aug 2008 18:47:13 +0000

Digoxin Toxicity in Dogs

Digoxin is used to treat congestive heart failure. Its primary benefit effect is to help the heart to contract. While digoxin is useful at times, the difference between a therapeutic dosage and a toxic dosage can be slight. For that reason, the veterinarian will need to monitor the digoxin blood levels throughout treatment. Owners also need be aware of toxicity signs, as they can be subtle and may look just like a heart failure.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more ab ...read more

Heart Murmurs in Dogs

Fri, 14 May 2010 01:30:53 +0000

Murmurs are extra heart vibrations that are produced as a result of a disturbance in the blood flow -- enough, in fact, to produce audible noise. Often, the murmurs are classified according to a variety of characteristics, including their timing. Systolic murmurs, for example, occur when the heart muscle contracts; diastolic murmurs occur when the heart muscle relaxes between beats; and continuous and to-and-fro murmurs occur throughout all or most of the cardiac cycle.

Heart murmurs can occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how they affect cats, p ...read more

Heart Sac Inflammation (Pericarditis) in Dogs

Wed, 24 Sep 2008 20:16:34 +0000

Pericarditis in Dogs

Pericarditis describes a condition where the dog's pericardium becomes inflamed. The pericardium is made up of two layers: a fibrous outer layer and a membranous inner layer that adheres closely to the heart. Within the sac is a layer of pericardial fluid made up of serum, a watery fluid that serves to keep the surfaces of the membranous sac and heart moist. The body's membranes will also secrete serum when they detect inflammation of the surrounding tissues and organs.

When either of the layers of the pericardium becomes inflamed, the natural reaction is ...read more

Heart Tumor (Rhabdomyoma) in Dogs

Tue, 07 Oct 2008 18:32:20 +0000

Rhabdomyoma in Dogs

A rhabdomyoma is an extremely rare, benign, non-spreading, cardiac muscle tumor that occurs only half as often as its malignant version: rhabdomyosarcomas, an invasive, metastasizing (spreading) tumor.

Rhabdomyomas are usually found in the heart, and are suspected of being congenital in origin (present at birth). This type of tumor does not become malignant, nor does it metastasize through the body. They are very rarely found outside of the heart, but do occur in other places of the body on occasion. They have been reported in the tongue, and in the larynx ...read more

Heart Tumors in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 20:32:17 +0000

Myocardial Tumors

Myocardial tumors refer to tumors that specifically affect the heart. These types of tumors are rare, and when they do occur, they tend to occur in older dogs. Benign tumors are masses of tissue that do not metastasize, whereas malignant tumors metastasize throughout the body. Abnormal tissue growth arising from the blood vessels in the heart can be malignant, as with hemangiosarcomas — rare, rapidly reproducing tissue growths; or they may be benign, as is the case with hemangiomas — harmless growths consisting mainly of newly formed blood or lymph vessel ...read more

Heart Valve Infection (Infective Endocarditis) in Dogs

Tue, 20 Oct 2009 19:13:59 +0000

Infective Endocarditis in Dogs

Infective endocarditis is a medical condition in which the inner lining of heart has become inflamed in response to an infection in the body. Generalized infections in the body may invade the inner lining of heart, as well as the valves of the heart. This type of infective endocarditis can occur in response to any infection of the body.

Endocarditis is more common in middle-sized to large breed dogs, with most between the ages of four and six. Males are generally at higher risk than females. If the underlying disease if not treated in time, comp ...read more

Heart Valve Malformation in Dogs

Thu, 17 Dec 2009 09:49:07 +0000

Atrioventricular Valve Dysplasia in Dogs

Dogs with malformed mitral or tricuspid valves are said to have atrioventricular valve dysplasia (AVD). This condition can result in the valves not closing sufficiently to stop blood flow when it supposed to, or to blood outflow obstruction due to a narrowing of the valves. The result of the malformation will depend on the size and location of the anatomic abnormality that is present.

Valvular insufficiency causes the atrium on the same side as the affected valve (right or left) to be dilated and the ventricle to enlarge. Over t ...read more

Heart Valve Narrowing (Mitral and Tricuspid) in Dogs

Thu, 17 Dec 2009 09:58:43 +0000

Atrioventricular Valvular Stenosis in Dogs

The valves that communicate between the atria and ventricles, the four chambers of the heart, are the atrioventricular valves. The top two chambers of the heart are the atria, and the bottom two chambers of the heart are the ventricles. The mitral valve communicates between the left atrium and left ventricle, and the tricuspid valve communicates between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

Abnormalities in the mitral valve, on the left, affect blood flow to the lungs. The tricuspid valve, on the right side of the heart, is resp ...read more

Heat Stroke and Hyperthermia in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 03:31:58 +0000

Increased Body Temperature and Heat Stroke in Dogs

Hyperthermia is an elevation in body temperature that is above the generally accepted normal range. Although normal values for dogs vary slightly, it usually is accepted that body temperatures above 103° F (39° C) are abnormal.

Heat stroke, meanwhile, is a form of non-fever hyperthermia that occurs when heat-dissipating mechanisms of the body cannot accommodate excessive external heat. Typically associated with temperature of of 106° F (41° C) or higher without signs of inflammation, a heat stroke can lead to ...read more

Hemoglobin and Myoglobin in Urine in Dogs

Thu, 11 Sep 2008 19:37:33 +0000

Hemoglobinuria and Myoglobinuria in Dogs

Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrier in the red blood cells, which also serves to carry oxygen to the tissues, as well as the pigment that makes the blood appear red. The destruction of blood cells within the blood vessels frees hemoglobin into the blood plasma (the straw colroed liquid matter of the blood), where it binds with haptoglobin, a blood plasma protein which functions for the purpose of binding with free hemoglobin to prevent the loss of iron from the body. When all of the haptoglobin has been used up, hemoglobin spills over into the bloo ...read more

Hemorrhage of the Lung in Dogs

Mon, 17 Nov 2008 20:32:45 +0000

Pulmonary Contusions in Dogs

Pulmonary contusion, or a hemorrhage of the lung, occurs when the dog's lung is torn and/or crushed during direct trauma to the chest, thus impeding the dog's ability to breath and pass arterial blood to a capillary bed in synchrony. Dogs suffering from capillary damage may also develop pulmonary fluid in the lungs, as well as hemorrhage.

Pulmonary contusion occurs in both dogs and cats and there is no specific breed, age, or gender predilection. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

Hereditary Muscle Disease (Non-inflammatory Myopathy) in Labrador Retrievers

Mon, 26 Apr 2010 12:33:37 +0000

Hereditary, Non-inflammatory Myopathy in Labrador Retrievers

A myopathy is a muscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function due to any of the common reasons, ultimately resulting in overall muscular weakness. The form of myopathy described in this article is specifically seen in Labrador retrievers, especially yellow Labs.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms typically develop between the ages of three to four months, many of which worsen with cold weather, excitement, and exercise. In addition, improvements may be seen once the dog is allowed to rest. Some of th ...read more

Hereditary, Non-Inflammatory Muscular Disease in Dogs

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 01:42:02 +0000

Non-inflammatory Myopathy—Hereditary X-Linked Muscular Dystrophy in Dogs

Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited, progressive, and non-inflammatory degenerative muscular disease caused by a deficiency of dystrophyin, a muscle-membrane protein. This generalized muscle disorder is primarily seen in newborn dogs or those less than one year old. Male dogs are also more susceptible than females, as are golden retrievers, Irish terriers, Pembroke Welsh corgis, Samoyeds, rottweilers, Belgian shepherds, rat terriers, Brittany spaniels, Labrador retriever, German short-haired pointers, and mi ...read more

Hernia (Diaphragmatic) in Dogs

Thu, 14 Aug 2008 16:01:46 +0000

Diaphragmatic Hernia in Dogs

Diaphragmatic hernias occur in dogs when the abdominal organ (such as the stomach, liver, intestine, etc.) moves into an abnormal opening in the animal’s diaphragm, the sheet of muscle separating the abdomen from the rib cage area. This can occur because of an acquired injury from a forceful blow, such as a car accident, or because of a defect at birth (congenital).

Symptoms and Types

Signs of a diaphragmatic hernia include irregular heartbeat, labored breathing (especially after a forceful blow) and symptoms of shock. The a ...read more

Hernia Between the Pericardium and Peritoneum in Dogs

Fri, 19 Mar 2010 15:07:05 +0000

Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia in Dogs

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia is a congenital defect that affects the communication between the pericardium (double-wall sac containing the heart) and peritoneum (membrane that forms the lining of abdominal cavity). Like other hernias, the protrusion of the septum affects the surrounding area -- in this case, the abdomen.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms will largely depend on the amount on the amount and nature of abdominal contents herniated. Some common ones include:

Hernia in Dogs

Thu, 17 Jul 2008 17:58:09 +0000

Hiatal Hernia

A hernia is most likely to occur in puppies less than a year old and is usually inherited (congenital). However, trauma may also bring on an acquired hiatal hernia, and this can occur at any age. A hernia occurs when one part of the body protrudes through a gap or opening into another part. A hiatal hernia, specifically, takes place at the opening of the diaphragm where the food pipe joins the stomach. Part of the stomach pushes through the opening, and a hernia is formed. Although this can occur in any breed or age, and with both genders, there does appear to be a predi ...read more

High Blood Pressure in Dogs

Thu, 17 Jul 2008 18:16:24 +0000

Systemic Hypertension in Dogs

More commonly referred to as high blood pressure, hypertension occurs when the dog's arterial blood pressure is continually higher than normal. When it is caused by another disease, it is called secondary hypertension; primary hypertension, meanwhile, refers to when it actually is the disease. Hypertension may affect many of the dog's body systems, including heart, kidneys, eyes, and the nervous system.

Systemic hypertension can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit

High Blood Pressure in the Lungs in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 16:59:13 +0000

Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs

Pulmonary hypertension occurs when pulmonary arteries/capillaries vasoconstrict (narrow), are obstructed, or receive excessive blood flow. The capillaries of the lungs are very tiny branches of blood vessels only one cell in thickness, connecting the smallest veins to the smallest arteries for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to the blood and tissues. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, so high blood pressure in the left atrium of the heart can also cause elevated pressure in the capillaries of the lungs.

Hig ...read more

High Blood Pressure in the Portal Vein to the Liver in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 16:06:37 +0000

Portal Hypertension in Dogs

When ingested food enters into the intestinal tract, the nutrients and toxins that are a part of the food that has been ingested are released into the digestive blood stream. But before this blood can flow into the systemic blood stream, it first goes through a filtering and detoxification process. The filtering process is carried out mainly by the liver, which detoxifies the blood and sends it out into the main circulatory system. The portal vein, the main part of the hepatic portal system, carries this deoxygenated, prefiltered blood from the digestive tr ...read more

High Blood Sugar in Dogs

Mon, 25 Jan 2010 16:18:24 +0000

Hyperglycemia in Dogs

A dog with abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood is said to have hyperglycemia. A simple carbohydrate sugar that circulates in the blood, glucose is a major source of energy for the body, of which normal levels range between 75-120mg.

Insulin, a hormone that is produced and released by the pancreas into the bloodstream when glucose levels rise, plays a key role in maintaining normal sugar levels. Low levels or absolute deficiency of insulin results in abnormally high blood sugar levels.

Some of the causes for hyperglycemia may be pancre ...read more

High Cholesterol in Dogs

Thu, 11 Sep 2008 18:29:19 +0000

Hyperlipidemia in Dogs

Hyperlipidemia is characterized by abnormally excessive amounts of fat, and/or fatty substances in the blood. After eating a meal, the nutrients in an animal’s body pass into the small intestine, from which chylomicrons, micro particles of liquid fat, are absorbed 30-60 minutes later. Chylomicrons are in the class of lipids, which includes both triglycerides and cholesterol, and which are formed during the digestion of fats from food. Normally, the absorption of chylomicrons increases serum triglycerides for 3-10 hours, but some animals will have hig ...read more

High Level of Plasma Proteins in the Blood of Dogs

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 11:40:19 +0000

Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Dogs

High blood viscosity, a thickening of the blood, typically results from markedly high concentration of blood plasma proteins, although it can also result (rarely) from an extremely high red blood cell count. It is most frequently seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome (the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body), and is often associated with multiple myeloma (a cancer of the plasma cell) and other lymphoid tumors or leukemias.

The clinical signs that are associated with hyperviscosity are caused by reduced blood flow through smaller vesse ...read more

High Levels of Blood Nitrogen in Dogs

Thu, 15 Apr 2010 18:00:02 +0000

Azotemia and Uremia in Dogs

Azotemia is defined as an excess level of nitrogen-based substances compounds such as urea, creatinine, and other body waste compounds in the blood.

Azotemia is defined as an excess level of nitrogen-based substances compounds such as urea, creatinine, and other body waste compounds in the blood. It can be caused by higher than normal production of nitrogen-containing substances (with high protein diet or gastrointestinal bleeding), improper filtration in the kidneys (kidney disease), or reabsorption of urine back to bloodstream.

Uremia, m ...read more

Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

Tue, 24 Mar 2009 21:56:41 +0000

Canine Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

The hip joint is composed of the ball and the socket. The development of hip dysplasia is determined by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors, though there is a complicated pattern of inheritance for this disorder, with multiple genes involved. Hip dysplasia is the failure of the hip joints to develop normally (known as malformation), gradually deteriorating and leading to loss of function of the hip joints.

Hip dysplasia is one of the most common skeletal diseases seen in dogs. Gender does not seem to be a factor, but some breeds ar ...read more

Hole in the Trachea in Dogs

Fri, 19 Mar 2010 19:33:32 +0000

Tracheal Perforation in Dogs

Tracheal perforation is a loss of the integrity of the tracheal wall, in the form of a hole or rip, allowing leakage of air into the surrounding tissues and creating air pockets under the skin, air collection in the mediastinum (in between the lungs), and potentially air in the sac around the heart, free air in the chest cavity, and air in the most posterior part of the abdominal cavity (pneumoretroperitoneum). This loss of integrity can be caused by a penetrating trauma, trauma from inside the trachea, or blunt neck or chest trauma.

The severity ...read more

House Soiling (Marking) by Dogs

Mon, 29 Jun 2009 18:43:09 +0000

Inappropriate Urination and Defecation in Dogs

House soiling is a common problem, affecting up to 37 percent of dogs diagnosed with behavioral problems. Most pet owners train their dogs to urinate and defecate outside, and "accidents" usually end while dogs are still puppies, as they learn to wait for scheduled outdoor time. House soiling occurs when a dog regresses to urinating or defecating inside the house. This behavior is more common in male dogs that have not been neutered, although it can occur in non-neutered dogs and

Hyperparathyroidism Due to Kidney Failure in Dogs

Tue, 19 Jan 2010 19:03:00 +0000

Abnormally High levels of Parathyroid Hormone due to Chronic Kidney Failure in Dogs

Parathyroid glands are the small endocrine glands that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). The major function of the parathyroid gland is to control concentrations of calcium in the blood and within the bones. This is not to be confused with the thyroid gland, which has a different function.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism refers to the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone due to chronic kidney failure. The major cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism is absolute or relative lack of calcitr ...read more

Hyperparathyroidism in Dogs

Fri, 12 Feb 2010 15:36:14 +0000

Excessive Levels of Parathyroid Hormone in the Blood in Dogs

The parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, increasing blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be reabsorbed from bone. The parathyroid glands are small, hormone-secreting glands that are located on or near the thyroid glands. The term para- refers to adjacent or alongside, and thyroid refers to the actual thyroid gland; the thyroid and parathyroid glands are located side by side in the neck, near the windpipe or trachea. Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition rela ...read more

Inability to Protrude or Retract Penis in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 21:28:25 +0000

Paraphimosis and Phimosis in Dogs

Phimosis is a condition that causes a dog to be unable to retract its penis back in to the sheath. Paraphimosis, on the other hand, refers to the dog's inability to protrude its penis from its outer orifice.

Both of these medical conditions can occur in male dogs and cats, and at any age. If you would like to learn more about how phimosis and paraphimosis affect cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

Symptoms and T ...read more

Inability to Urinate in Dogs

Tue, 09 Feb 2010 21:46:14 +0000

Functional Urinary Retention in Dogs

Urinary retention is the medical term given to incomplete emptying (or voiding) of urine that is not associated with obstruction of the urinary tract, whereas "functional" is defined as being caused by a problem with the normal action of an organ.

Complications resulting from functional urinary retention may come from a lower urinary tract infection that ascends into the bladder; rupture of the urinary bladder or urethra; and permanent injury and atony (weakness/loss of coordination) to the detrusor muscle, the muscular layer of ...read more

Incoordination of the Legs in Dogs

Sat, 10 Apr 2010 18:45:46 +0000

Hypermetria and Dysmetria in Dogs

Dysmetria and hypermetria are outward symptoms of a dysfunction of the pathways that control voluntary movement in a dog. More specifically, dysmetria is characterized by the dog's inability to judge the rate, range, and force of its movements -- literally, an inability to measure space. Hypermetria, meanwhile, describes the action of overreaching, or high stepping, the intended location.

Symptoms and Types

Signs of cerebellar disease that may be present include:

Head tilt
Body swaying
...read more

Increased Appetite in Dogs

Tue, 11 Nov 2008 15:34:11 +0000

Polyphagia in Dogs

When a dog increases its food intake, to the extent that it appears ravenous most or all of the time, the condition is referred to as polyphagia.

This condition can be caused by different circumstances, and it is important to find out whether the dog’s increased food consumption is due to a psychological condition, or to a disease. Should the reason be a psychological problem, then it is likely that the dog has developed a learned behavior, which could lead to obesity.

However, if the underlying cause of your pet's increased food intake is du ...read more

Increased Heart Rate Due to Premature Contractions in Dogs

Sat, 20 Mar 2010 07:44:29 +0000

Ventricular Tachycardia in Dogs

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a potentially life-threatening disease of the heart that causes arrhythmia, an abnormally fast heartbeat. Ventricular tachycardia can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, a condition in which the ventricles (the bottom two heart chambers) become disorganized, contracting chaotically. This state can result in asystole – a sudden lack of electrical activity in the heart – and sudden death. VT may be due to an underlying heart disease, a metabolic disease, or an electrolyte imbalance.

T ...read more

Increased Urination and Thirst in Dogs

Mon, 08 Sep 2008 19:15:52 +0000

Polydipsia and Polyuria in Dogs

Polydipsia refers to an increased level of thirst in dogs, while polyuria refers to an abnormally high urine production. While serious medical consequences are rare, your pet should be evaluated to ensure that these conditions are not symptoms of a more serious underlying medical condition. Your veterinarian will want to either confirm or rule out renal failure, or hepatic diseases.
...read more

Infertility in Female Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 17:38:08 +0000

Inability to Reproduce in Female Dogs

Some of the common symptoms that appear in bitches which are unable to reproduce are abnormal cycling, failure to conceive, failure to copulate/mate, and pregnancy loss. Normal fertility in a dog, and the ability to reproduce puppies, requires a normal estrous cycle, with a healthy reproductive tract, normal ova (eggs), normal and stable levels of reproductive hormones, fertilization by normal spermatozoa, implantation of an embryo in the lining of the uterus (endometrium), normal placenta placement, and stable levels of progesterone concentration ...read more

Infertility in Male Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 13:58:50 +0000

While infertility is not common in male dogs, it does happen. The dog may not be able to mate, or if mating does occur, fertilization does not happen as expected. If the stud appears to be infertile, the most common causes are due to injury or infection. It also may be brought about by a sudden hormone change.

Symptoms and Types

A smaller-than-expected litter size may be one indication of a fertility problem in a male that has mated, as are conception rates that are below expected. Infertility is sometimes due to sperm abnormalities such as misshapen sperm and a smal ...read more

Inflammation of the Abdomen Due to Bile Leakage in Dogs

Sun, 20 Dec 2009 14:28:27 +0000

Bile Peritonitis in Dogs

Bile is a bitter fluid secreted by the liver and released into the gallbladder, to be stored until is is released into the duodenum -- the small intestine -- after a meal is taken. Bile is an essential component in digestion, emulsifying the fats in food, thereby aiding in their absorption in the small intestine.

Under abnormal circumstances, however, bile can be released into the abdominal cavity, irritating the organ and causing inflammation. This may occur after injury, infection of the gallbladder, swelling of the gallbladder, blockage of the ga ...read more

Inflammation of the Brain and Brain Tissue in Rabbits

Fri, 14 May 2010 02:07:37 +0000

Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis in Rabbits

Encephalitis is a diseased condition characterized by inflammation of the brain. It may be accompanied by spinal cord and/or meningeal involvement. When the meningea is involved, the condition is clinically referred to as meningoencephalitis – which is literally a combination of two known diseased states: meningitis - inflammation of the meninges, the protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord; and encephalitis – sudden and severe (acute) inflammation of the brain.

Inflammation is usually caused by an ...read more

Inflammation of the Esophagus in Dogs

Tue, 20 Oct 2009 19:49:36 +0000

Esophagitis in Dogs

Gastrointestinal reflux, or acid reflux, is one of the most common causes of esophagitis, the term applied to inflammation of the esophagus in dogs. Acid reflux is the result of stomach acids passing into the esophageal canal, causing irritation to the tissue lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food down from the mouth cavity to the stomach.

Young dogs born with congenital esophageal abnormalities are at an increased risk for esop ...read more

Inflammation of the Middle and Inner Ear in Dogs

Wed, 05 Nov 2008 21:41:58 +0000

Otitis Media and Otitis Interna in Dogs

Otitis media refers to an inflammation of the dog's middle ear, while otitis interna refers to an inflammation of the inner ear, both of which are commonly caused by bacterial infection. Long-eared dog breeds, such as the Cocker Spaniel, are believed to be more susceptible.

Cats are also prone to these two conditions. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects dogs, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

...read more

Inflammation of the Middle Ear and External Ear Canal in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 20:09:53 +0000

Otitis externa and Otitis media in Dogs

Otitis externa is a chronic inflammation of a dog external ear canal. Otitis media, meanwhile, is an inflammation of the dog's middle ear. Both of these terms are used to describe clinical symptoms and are not diseases in themselves.

Otitis externa often results when a change in the normal environment of the ear canal causes the glands lining the canal to enlarge and produce excessive wax. Gradually, the outer skin (epidermis) and the inner skin (dermis) produce excessive fibrous tissue (fibrosis) and the canal becomes narrowed. It is n ...read more

Inflammation of the Pancreas in Dogs

Mon, 08 Sep 2008 18:49:51 +0000

Pancreatitis in Dogs

The pancreas is part of the endocrine and digestive system, which is integral for the digestion of foods, producing the enzymes that digest food, and producing insulin. When a condition occurs to cause inflammation of the pancreas, the flow of enzymes into the digestive tract can become disrupted, forcing the enzymes out of the pancreas and into the abdominal area.

If this occurs, the digestive enzymes will begin to break down fat and proteins in the other organs, as well as in the pancreas. In effect, the body begins to digest itself. Because of their pr ...read more

Inflammation of the Skin, Muscle, and Blood Vessels in Dogs

Mon, 18 Aug 2008 14:18:54 +0000

Dermatomyositis in Dogs

Dermatomyositis is an inherited inflammatory disease of the skin, muscles, and blood vessels. It typically develops in young collies, Shetland sheepdogs, and their crossbreeds. Similar symptoms have been reported in other breeds, such as the Beauceron Shepherd, Welsh Corgi, Lakeland terrier, Chow Chow, German Shepherd, and Kuvasz, as well as individual dogs. However, the condition in these dogs currently is classified as ischemic dermatopathy (low blood supply to the skin) and not dermatomyositis as previously reported. Studies suggest that dermatomyositis is i ...read more

Inflammation of the Soft Tissues in the Mouth in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:21:28 +0000

Stomatitis in Dogs

Stomatitis is the condition where the soft tissues in an animal's mouth, such as the gums and tongue, become irritated and inflamed. It can become a major issue if bacteria or an infection enters the dog's blood stream. Treatment options are available, and the prognosis is positive for animals suffering from this medical condition.

Stomatitis can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the ...read more

Inflammation of the Superficial Veins in Dogs

Fri, 07 Nov 2008 20:22:52 +0000

Phlebitis in Dogs

Phlebitis is characterized by a condition known as superficial thrombophlebitis, which refers to an inflammation of superficial veins (or veins close to the surface of the body). Phlebitis is generally due to an infection or because of thrombosis -- the formation of a clot (or thrombus) inside a blood vessel, which in turn obstructs the flow of blood in the body.

Superficial venous thrombophlebitis is the most common form of this condition, and is usually localized in one area.

Conversely, deep tissue thrombophlebitis is associated with clinical sig ...read more

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in Dogs

Fri, 26 Mar 2010 19:46:44 +0000

The group of gastrointestinal diseases known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results in the inflammation of the intestines and chronic symptoms related to gastrointestinal system. Though the exact cause of IBD is not known, abnormal immune system response thought to be initiated by normal inhabitant bacteria of the intestine is suspected to be the cause of inflammation.

IBD can affect dogs at any age but is more common in middle-aged and older dogs. Some breeds may be predisposed to IBD, including basenjis, lundehunds, French bulldog, and Irish setters.

Symp ...read more

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Due to Lymphocytes and Plasma in Dogs

Fri, 05 Feb 2010 19:51:51 +0000

Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Gastroenteritis in Dogs

Lymphocytic-plasmacytic gastroenteritis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which lymphocytes and plasma cells enter the lining of the stomach and intestines. It is thought to be caused by an abnormal immune response to environmental stimuli due to loss of normal immune regulation, in which bacteria in the intestine may be a trigger. Continued antigen exposure, along with unregulated inflammation, results in disease, although the exact mechanisms and underlying factors remain unknown.

Lymphocyic-plasmacytic gastroenteritis ...read more

Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 17:00:04 +0000

Immunoproliferative Enteropathy in Basenjis

Inflammatory bowel disease is one of the most common causes of vomiting and chronic diarrhea in dogs. Immunoproliferative enteropathy, a disease that is related to an abnormally reactive immune system, affects the large or small intestine, the liver, the endocrine system, the kidneys, and the skin. The lining of the stomach becomes infiltrated through inflammatory cells, thereby obstructing the normal functions of absorption and digestion. Being ...read more

Inflammatory Skin Disease in Dogs

Fri, 09 Jan 2009 16:35:05 +0000

Sebaceous Adenitis in Dogs

Sebaceous adenitis is a rare type of inflammatory skin disease that affects the skin glands of young and middle age dogs. This condition most commonly affects Poodles, Akitas, and Samoyeds, although other breeds -- and some cats (rarely) -- can also be infected.

Symptoms and Types

There are two primary types of sebaceous adenitis. One type occurs in long-coated animals, and the other type occurs in short-coated breeds.

The signs and symptoms of sebaceous adenitis in long-coated breeds include the following symptoms:

...read more

Ingestion of Feces and Foreign Objects in Dogs

Fri, 18 Jul 2008 20:21:45 +0000

Coprophagia and Pica in Dogs

Pica is a medical issue referring to a dog's craving of a non-food item and the subsequent eating of said item. Coprophagia, meanwhile, is the eating and ingesting of feces.

Generally, neither of these conditions are the result of an underlying disease, however, it can occur. Fortunately, there are treatment options in these types of cases, or behavior modification practices that can be implemented if it is a non-medical issue.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to l ...read more

Insecticide Poisoning in Dogs

Wed, 12 Nov 2008 17:24:26 +0000

Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity in Dogs

Areas which are prone to flea and tick infestations tend to use various forms of insecticide (e.g., organophosphates and carbamates). But exposure to insecticides -- especially after repated or heavy applications of chemicals -- may be toxic to dogs.

These forms of insecticide poisoning affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how it affects cats please visit this page in the PetMD health l ...read more

Insufficient Urine Production in Dogs

Wed, 05 Nov 2008 20:10:52 +0000

Oliguria and Anuria in Dogs

Oliguria is the medical term for a condition in which an abnormally small amount of urine is produced by the body, with urine production at a rate of less than 0.25 milliliters per kilogram per hour. Anuria is the medical term for a condition in which essentially no urine is produced by the body, with urine production at a rate of less than 0.08 milliliters per kilogram per hour.

Physiologic oliguria occurs when a dog's kidneys limit the loss of renal water in order to preserve body fluid and electrolyte balance. Pathologic oliguria results from se ...read more

Intestinal Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

Mon, 08 Jun 2009 16:04:15 +0000

Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach, Intestine, or Rectum in Dogs

Adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor originating in the glandular and epithelial tissue (the lining of the internal organs). This type of malignant tumor growth can take place in many parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal system of dogs. It may invade any part of the gastrointestinal system, including the stomach, the small and large intestine, and rectum. It commonly affects older dogs, usually more than six years of age. No particular breed is known to be predisposed and it is more common in male dogs than femal ...read more

Intestinal Disorder (Loss of Motility) in Dogs

Fri, 26 Mar 2010 19:28:42 +0000

Ileus in Dogs

Ileus (functional or paralytic) is a term used to denote temporary and reversible obstruction in the intestines caused by bowel motility problems. Problems with peristalsis (or wave-like contractions that help move food along the digestive tract) results in the accumulation of intestinal contents in certain areas of the intestines. Therefore, ileus is not a primary disease, rather a result due to some other disease or condition affecting motility of intestine.

Symptoms and Types

Loss of appetite (

Intestinal Obstruction in Dogs

Wed, 05 Nov 2008 16:29:22 +0000

Gastrointestinal Obstruction in Dogs

Gastrointestinal obstruction is defined as the partial or complete blockage of the flow of nutrients (solid or liquid) ingested into the body, and/or secretions from the stomach into and through the intestines. The term gastro refers to the stomach, while intestinal refers to a condition of the intestines. Accordingly, this term refers to blockage that may occur in the stomach or intestines.

Gastrointestinal obstruction is a fairly common condition. Dogs are generally at a high risk because they tend to be less discriminating about what th ...read more

Intestinal Parasitic Infection (Strongyloidiasis) in Dogs

Sat, 29 May 2010 02:03:07 +0000

Strongyloidiasis in Dogs

Strongyloidiasis is an intestinal infection with the parasite Strongyloides stercoralis (S. canis). Typically, only the female nematode will be present in the dog's intestinal lining, causing, among other things, severe diarrhea. S. stercoralis is relatively host-specific, but there is a potential for transmission to humans.

Symptoms and Types

Inflammation of the skin, rash (dermatitis)
Cough, bronchopneumonia

Intestinal Protein Loss in Dogs

Mon, 03 Aug 2009 15:15:05 +0000

Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Dogs

A dog's health is largely dependent on the body's ability to digest and make use of the food that is a part of the dog's regular diet. When the digestive process goes off track, a diseased condition will follow. Protein losing enteropathy is one type of condition that affects a dog's ability to function fully; enteropathy being any abnormal condition relating to the intestines. There are a number of diseases that can damage the intestines enough to cause this extra protein loss.

Nutrients make their way through the body by way of the bloodst ...read more

Intestinal Tumor (Leiomyoma) in Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 20:11:06 +0000

Leiomyoma of the Stomach, Small, and Large Intestine in Dogs

A leiomyoma is a relatively harmless and non-spreading tumor that arises from the smooth muscle of the stomach and intestinal tract. The main concern is that this type of tumor can block the normal progress of fluids and solids through the digestive tract, or displace organs, resulting in secondary health complications. It typically occurs in middle-aged to older dogs, generally over six years of age. Otherwise, there is no gender or breed predisposition.

Symptoms and Types

Stomach ...read more

Intestinal Tumors (Apudomas) in Dogs

Thu, 14 Aug 2008 17:02:28 +0000

Apudoma in Dogs

Apudoma is a gastrointestinal tumor found in dogs and cats which secretes peptide hormones -- hormones that play a role in regulating metabolism, growth, development, and tissue function. In the long run, the tumor(s) can cause ulcers, damage the esophagus because of chronic reflux, and damage the lining of the intestines.

Symptoms

Vomiting (sometimes with blood)
Weight loss
Loss of appetite (

Intestinal Viral Infection (Rotavirus) in Dogs

Mon, 16 Feb 2009 17:43:08 +0000

Rotavirus Infections in Dogs

The double-stranded, wheel-shaped rotavirus causes inflammation of the intestines and in severe cases, dysfunction in the intestinal walls. It is the leading cause of diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset in dogs. And although it can be seen in dogs at any age, puppies are more prone to rotavirus infections, especially those less than 12 weeks old.

Cats are also susceptible to rotavirus infections. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

Intestinal Virus (Reovirus) Infection in Dogs

Tue, 18 Nov 2008 21:02:41 +0000

Reovirus Infections in Dogs

A reovirus infection is caused by a group of viruses that contain double-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid), and which have special characteristics with respect to their genetic material. This infection limits the absorption of nutrients from the intestines and results in diarrhea and dehydration.

Located within the dog's intestinal walls, they will destroy of dogs and cats, destroying cells in the area they reside in. As a result there is limited absorption of nutrition from the intestines, further resulting in diarrhea and dehydration.
...read more

Irregular Heart Beat in Dogs

Fri, 26 Feb 2010 02:04:46 +0000

Ventricular Premature Complexes in Dogs

In order to pump blood to the lungs and body, the heart must work in a coordinated fashion. The heart has an electrical conduction system that is responsible for controlling the heart rate. This electrical conduction system generates electrical impulses (waves), which propagate throughout the musculature of the heart, stimulating the heart's muscles to contract and push blood through the interior arteries and out into the body. There are two nodes (masses of tissue) present in the heart that play an important role in this conduction system. The ...read more

Irregular Heart Rhythms in Dogs

Mon, 26 Apr 2010 18:01:13 +0000

Idioventricular Rhythm in Dogs

When the sinus node's conduction impulses are blocked or inhibited from reaching the ventricles, the role of pacemaker is taken over by the lower heart, resulting in indioventricular rhythm, or ventricular escape complexes; that is, irregular heartbeats. Accelerated idioventricular rhythms occur mainly due to a fluctuation in the heartbeat. Sometimes the ECG reading will show a dog's heart beat rate at less than 65 beats per minute (bpm). The normal rate for dogs is 70-180 bpm – but varies according to age and breed. For puppies, the rate is 70-120 ...read more

Irregular Heartbeat in Dogs

Fri, 12 Feb 2010 14:42:50 +0000

Sinus Arrhythmia in Dogs

Arrhythmia is caused by an abnormal variation in the cycling of impulses that regulate the heart's beating action, resulting in an irregular rhythm. The heart may beat too fast, too slow, or it may skip beats. An irregular heart beat is the primary symptom of arrhythmia.

The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges (also called the heart's pacemaker). The sinus discharge rate depends on two opposing ...read more

Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 19:14:07 +0000

Chronic Irritation in the Lining of the Bowels of Dogs

It is not always known what causes irritable bowel syndrome, but some of the suspected factors are thought to be related to diet intolerances, possibly due to allergies, the ability of the food to effectively pass through the gastrointestinal tract, and mental distress. Irritable bowel syndrome in dogs is commonly associated with chronic inflammation and discomfort of an animal's bowels; however, it is not linked with any type of gastrointestinal disease.

Symptoms and Types

The most common symptoms of irritable b ...read more

Itchiness, Desire to Scratch, Chew or Lick Causing Inflamed Skin in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 20:15:02 +0000

Pruritus in Dogs

Pruritus is the medical term used to define a dog's sensation to itch, or the sensation that provokes its desire to scratch, rub, chew, or lick its hair and skin. Pruritus is also an indicator of inflamed skin. Intense scratching can eventually lead to partial or full hair loss, but with treatment, prognosis is positive.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how pruritus affects cats, please visit

Jawbone Enlargement in Dogs

Mon, 29 Jun 2009 18:56:38 +0000

Craniomandibular Osteopathy in Dogs

A dog’s mouth is made up mainly of two bones, the mandible (lower bone) and the maxilla (upper bone). These two bones come together at a joint called the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The TMJ is the joint that allows the jaw to open and close. Dogs use their cheek muscles to move the TMJ in order to open and close their mouths.

Craniomandibular osteopathy is a condition by which extra bone forms along the mandible and TMJ, making it painful and difficult for the affected dog to open its mouth and eat. Signs are usually seen in puppie ...read more

Joint Cancer (Synovial Sarcoma) in Dogs

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 00:04:16 +0000

Synovial Sarcoma in Dogs

Synovial sarcomas are soft tissue sarcomas – malignant cancers – that arise from the precursor cells outside the synovial membrane of the joints and bursa (the fluid-filled, sac-like cavity between joints that helps to facilitate movement). The synovial membrane itself is the layer of soft tissue that lines the surfaces within the joints.

Precursor cells have the ability to differentiate into one or two closely related forms: epithelial cells (skin cells) or fibroblastic (connective tissue) cells. Therefore, the tumor may have cance ...read more

Joint Cartilage Erosion in Dogs

Wed, 24 Sep 2008 21:24:42 +0000

Erosive, Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis in Dogs

Erosive, immune-mediated polyarthritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the joints, in which the cartilage of the dog's joint (articular cartilage) is eroded away. In this disease, cell-mediated immunity is thought to attack articular cartilage. The suspected causes for this are T lymphocyte effector cells that carry out the attack response, and an abnormal antigenic response to the host antibody. That is, an immune response to a substance that stimulates production of antibodies, an antigen, which acts as a “trigger&rd ...read more

Joint Dislocation in Dogs

Sat, 27 Mar 2010 14:26:56 +0000

Joint Luxations in Dogs

Bone acts as the architectural framework for the body in all mammals. It is a rigid structure that helps maintain the bodies shape and protects vital organs. A joint, meanwhile, is a structure where two or more bones unite together. Most joints have a capsule that joins the articulating (meeting) bones together. This capsule has a thick, fibrous layer that stabilizes the joint. Most joints are also provided with additional ligaments that allow joint capsules to keep movements within normal ranges. Therefore, if joints become damaged, disrupted, or undergo abnor ...read more

Jumping, Chewing, Playbiting, and Other Destructive Behavior Problems in Puppies, Young Dogs

Sat, 29 May 2010 02:18:49 +0000

Pediatric Behavior Problems in Dogs

Undesirable behavior exhibited by dogs between puppyhood and adolescence, such as destructive chewing, jumping on people, and play biting, is medically referred to as pediatric behavior problems. Though these behaviors may be perceived as a “normal” trait of a puppy, it is often not acceptable behavior for a pet. It is important to address this as early as possible with behavioral modification therapies while the puppy is still impressionable.

Genetics do play an important role and behavior of young pups is likely to be similar ...read more

Kennel Cough in Dogs

Wed, 07 Oct 2009 19:05:18 +0000

Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis

Kennel cough, the common name that is given to infectious canine tracheobronchitis is a very highly contagious respiratory disease among dogs. As the name of the disease suggests, it is typified by inflammation of the trachea and bronchi. This disease is found throughout the world and is known to infect a very high percentage of dogs at least once during their lifetime. It is also medically referred to as tracheobronchitis and Bordetella.

Young puppies can suffer the most severe complications that can result from this disease, sin ...read more

Key-Gaskell Syndrome in Dogs

Mon, 03 Aug 2009 14:31:37 +0000

Canine Dysautonomia

Dysautonomia is characterized by a malfunctioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the system that controls the heart rate, respiration, digestion, urination, salivation, perspiration, eye pupil dilation,blood pressure, intestinal contractions, glandular acticity, and physical arousal. The body functions that occur within the ANS are largely performed without conscious thought, with the exception of breathing, which works in coordination with conscious thought. This condition is also referred to as Key-Gaskell syndrome.

This is a rare condition, but ...read more

Kidney Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

Wed, 15 Jul 2009 16:04:38 +0000

Renal Adenocarcinoma in Dogs

Adenocarcinoma of the kidneys is a rare neoplasm in dogs, making up less than one percent of all reported neoplasms in dogs. Similar to other carcinomas, when adenocarcinoma of the kidney does occur, it commonly affects dogs that are older than eight years. There is no breed predisposition in dogs for this type of tumor.

Like other adenocarcinomas, adenocarcinoma of the kidney is very aggressive, usually affecting both kidneys, and growing rapidly and metastasizing to other parts and organs of the body. Another version of kidney adenocarcinoma, kn ...read more

Kidney Disease (Congenital) in Dogs

Tue, 07 Apr 2009 19:10:42 +0000

Congenital and Developmental Renal Diseases in Dogs

Congenital (existing at birth) and developmental kidney diseases are a group of diseases in which the kidney may be abnormal in appearance, or may be abnormal in its ability to function normally, or both. These diseases result from inherited or genetic problems or disease processes that affect the development and growth of the kidney before or shortly after birth. Most patients are less than five years of age at time of diagnosis.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms:

Lack of appetite
La ...read more

Kidney Disease Caused by Multiple Cysts in Dogs

Mon, 10 Nov 2008 16:04:43 +0000

Polycystic Kidney Disease in Dogs

Polycystic kidney disease is a disorder in which large portions of renal parenchyma, the functional tissue of the kidneys which are normally differentiated, are displaced by multiple cysts.

A cyst is a closed sac that may be filled with air, fluid, or semi-solid material. Renal cysts develop in pre-existing nephrons -- the functional filtering cells of the kidney tissue -- and in the collecting ducts. Invariably, the disease both of the dog's kidneys.

Although polycystic kidney disease is usually not immediately life-threatening, it ...read more

Kidney Disease in Dogs

Tue, 16 Dec 2008 16:20:50 +0000

Fanconi Syndrome in Dogs

Fanconi syndrome is a collection of abnormalities arising from the defective transport of water, sodium, potassium, glucose, phosphate, bicarbonate, and amino acids from the kidneys; impaired tubular reabsorption, the process by which solutes and water are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood, causes excessive urinary excretion of these solutes.

Approximately 75 percent of the reported cases have occurred in the Basenji breed; estimates of the prevalence within the Basenji breed in North America range from 10–30 percent. ...read more

Kidney Enlargement in Dogs

Tue, 18 Nov 2008 20:18:39 +0000

Renomegaly in Dogs

Renomegaly is a condition in which one or both kidneys are abnormally large, confirmed by abdominal palpation, ultrasounds, or X-rays. All of the body's systems are affected by renomegaly: the respiratory, nervous, hormonal, urinary, and digestive systems.

In addition, renomegaly is not exclusive to dogs; cats can suffer from it, too. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
...read more

Kidney Failure (Long-Term) in Dogs

Mon, 08 Sep 2008 20:06:58 +0000

Chronic Renal Failure in Dogs

Nine in every 1,000 dogs that are examined suffer from chronic renal disease. And while dogs of any age can be diagnosed with the kidney disease, it is more commonly seen in older dogs.

Failure of the kidney -- which among other things regulates blood pressure, blood sugar, blood volume, water composition in the blood, and pH levels, and produces red blood cells and certain hormones -- can take so place so slowly, that by the time the symptoms have become obvious, it may be too late to treat the condition effectively. Often, the kidney will find ...read more

Kidney Failure and Excess Urea in the Urine in Dogs

Tue, 18 Nov 2008 19:39:40 +0000

Renal Failure and Acute Uremia in Dogs

Acute uremia is a sudden-onset condition that is characterized by high levels of urea, protein products, and amino acids in the blood. This condition usually follows sudden kidney injuries, or occurs when the urinary tubes that connect the kidney to the bladder (ureters) are obstructed. As a result, the outflow of urine is obstructed, creating an imbalance in fluid regulation and leading to a buildup of potential toxins in the body. Fortunately, acute uremia can be successfully treated and cured if it is identified on time and treated promptly.
...read more

Kidney Filtration Problems in Dogs

Wed, 05 Nov 2008 19:11:30 +0000

Nephrotic Syndrome in Dogs

The glomeruli are penetrable clusters of capillaries in the kidney that function to filter waste from the blood, establishing the formation of urine, one of the body’s main methods for disposing of waste products. When filtration cells (podocytes) in the kidney’s glomeruli become damaged due to either immune complexes in the blood (called glomerulonephritis), or due to dense deposits of hard protein (amyloid), abnormal accumulation of which is called amyloidosis, degeneration of the kidney’s tubular system occurs. This is medically referred ...read more

Kidney Inflammation Due to Fluid Accumulation in Dogs

Thu, 18 Mar 2010 08:00:30 +0000

Perirenal Pseudocysts in Dogs

A perirenal pseudocyst is a capsule of accumulated fluid around the kidney that causes it to enlarge. However, it is not technically a cyst because it lacks a true membrane covering. This condition is rarely seen in dogs and may affect one or both kidneys.

Symptoms and Types

Although most dogs with a perirenal pseudocyst have a nonpainful, enlarged abdomen, some may not display any symptoms (asymptomatic). In severe cases, symptoms of renal failure may manifest.

Cause

Although the exact cause of a perirenal pseudocyst i ...read more

Kidney Stones in Dogs

Mon, 24 May 2010 18:35:34 +0000

Nephrolithiasis in Dogs

Nephrolithiasis is the medical term for the condition in which clusters of crystals or stones -- known as nephroliths or, more commonly, “kidney stones” -- develop in the kidneys or urinary tract. The kidney is composed of thousands of nephrons, each consisting of blood capillaries and a series of tubes through which filtered fluid flows as urine is produced. The tubes of the nephron drain into ducts through which urine flows; these ducts eventually enter the renal pelvis and a tube through which urine follows into the ureter. Kidney stones or kidne ...read more

Kidney Toxicity (Drug-Induced) in Dogs

Thu, 13 May 2010 18:15:23 +0000

Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Dogs

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity refers to kidney damage induced by medication administered for the purpose of diagnosing or treating another medical disorder. It is more commonly recognized in dogs than cats. And although drug-induced nephrotoxicity may occur in dogs of any age, older dogs are more susceptible.

Symptoms and Types

Signs associated with nephrotoxicity may include:

Vomiting
Diarrh ...read more

Kneecap Dislocation in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 20:11:47 +0000

Patellar Luxation in Dogs

Patellar luxation occurs when the dog's kneecap (patella) is dislocated from its normal anatomic position in the groove of the thigh bone (femur). When the kneecap is dislocated from the groove of the thigh bone, it can only be returned to its normal position once the quadriceps muscles in the hind legs of the animal relax and lengthen. It is for this reason that most dogs with the condition will hold up their hind legs for a few minutes.

A dislocated kneecap is one of the most prevalent knee joint abnormalities in dogs. The condition is most common ...read more

Lack of Bladder Control in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:50:06 +0000

Urinary Incontinence in Dogs

Dogs are sometimes unable to control their bladder activity, a medical condition that is often caused by an impaired bladder, or from an obstruction in the bladder. This disorder is medically referred to as incontinence. Incontinence is more common in middle to older-aged dogs, and in larger dog breeds.

Symptoms

Urine leakage (involuntary peeing)
Wet hair on the lower abdominal area, or between the rear legs
Wet spots or puddles in the bedding or sleeping area
Urinary tract infec ...read more

Lack of Bowel Control in Dogs

Mon, 29 Jun 2009 17:43:01 +0000

Fecal Incontinence

Medically referred to as fecal incontinence, losing the ability to control its bowel movements is distressing for both the dog and the owner. Typical causes to this condition include injury to the spine or tail, anal gland disease(s), and/or an intestinal disorder.

Symptoms and Types

Scooting on floor – may indicate a condition involving the anal sacs/glands
Defecating in atypical areas (i.e., inside the home)
Bloated abdomen
Tenderness or aversion to being touched near tail, loss of ...read more

Lack Of Digestive Enzymes in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:38:20 +0000

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) in Dogs

The pancreas is the organ in the body responsible for producing insulin (which regulates the body’s blood sugar levels) and digestive enzymes (which aid in the digestion of starches, fats, and proteins in an animal’s diet). If the pancreas fails to produce enough of these digestive enzymes, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, or EPI, develops.

EPI may affect a dog's gastrointestinal system, as well as general nutrition, and can cause problems such as weight loss and chronic diarrhea. The condition is thought to be her ...read more

Lactic Acid Build-Up in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 19:50:38 +0000

Lactic Acidosis in Dogs

Lactic acid is a chemical produced by the muscles during normal physical activity, and which is elevated during exercise in order to fuel the body and maintain energy. In a normal functioning body, the liver and kidneys maintain the balance between lactic acid production and its removal from the body. When the body is not functioning at normal capacity and lactic acid is not being adequately removed, a condition called lactic acidosis can occur.

Lactic acidosis refers to the abnormal build-up of lactic acid in the body. This abnormal build-up can affec ...read more

Lameness in Dogs

Sat, 29 May 2010 01:36:50 +0000

Disorder of the Gait in Dogs

Lameness is a clinical sign of a more severe disorder that results in a disturbance in the gait and the ability to move the body about, typically in response to pain, injury, or abnormal anatomy.

Symptoms and Types

Lameness may involve one or more limbs and varies in severity from subtle pain or tenderness to an inbability to place any weight on the limb (i.e., carrying the leg). If only one forelimb is involved, the head and neck move upward when the affected limb is placed on the ground and drops when the unaffected limb bears weight. M ...read more

Laryngeal Disease in Dogs

Thu, 27 May 2010 01:45:48 +0000

Disease of the Voice Box or Larynx in Dogs

The voice box, or larynx, protects the lungs from aspiration during swallowing and regurgitation, allows for vocalization (such as barking and growling), and serves as a passage for airflow from the external environment to the lungs. Laryngeal disease refers to any condition that alters normal structure and/or function of the voice box or larynx.

Paralysis of the larynx is an inherited disorder in the Bouvier des Flandres breed (inherited as an autosomal dominant trait); genetic susceptibility is also suspected, but unproven, in Sibe ...read more

Lead Poisoning in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 02:57:04 +0000

Lead Toxicity in Dogs

Lead poisoning (toxicity), a condition in which increases levels of the metal lead is found in blood, can afflict both humans and dogs through both sudden (acute) and long-term (chronic) exposure to the metal. Through the ability to substitute itself for calcium and zinc (both important minerals for normal cell functions), lead damages the cell and affects normal biological processes.

Although a high number of lead poisoning cases are seen during the warmer months of the year, there is a wide variety of sources of lead -- many of which vary betwe ...read more

Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease in Dogs

Fri, 05 Feb 2010 19:36:25 +0000

Disintegration of Hip Joint in Dogs

Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease involves spontaneous degeneration of the head on the femur bone, located in the dog's hind leg. This results in disintegration of the hip joint (coxofemoral) and bone and joint inflammation (osteoarthritis).

The exact cause of the condition is unknown, though blood supply issues to the femoral head are usually seen in dogs suffering from Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease. It is commonly seen in miniature, toy, and small-breed dogs, and has a genetic basis in Manchester terriers. Moreover, most dogs affected ...read more

Leukemia (Acute) in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 14:17:44 +0000

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Dogs

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a disease in which cancerous lymphoblasts (cells that are in the beginning stage of development) and prolymphocytes (cells in the intermediate stage of development) reproduce, and then circulate through the bloodstream, entering into the body's organs. These cells will also infiltrate both the inside of the bone marrow and the outside (extramedullary) of the bone marrow, displacing hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic cells are the normal, healthy precursors of red blood cells, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, platelets ...read more

Leukemia (Chronic) in Dogs

Mon, 22 Feb 2010 21:55:07 +0000

Chronic Lymphocytic Cancer in Dogs

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a rare form of cancer which involves abnormal and malignant lymphocytes in the blood. An integral component to the immune system, lymphocytes can affect many body systems when damaged.

This form of leukemia is rare, but more commonly affects male dogs when compared to females.

Symptoms

The symptoms for chronic lymphocytic leukemia are usually non-specific and may include:

Increased thirst (

Liver and Spleen Cancer (Hemangiosarcoma) in Dogs

Wed, 17 Feb 2010 02:38:39 +0000

Spleen and Liver Hemangiosarcoma in Dogs

Hemangiosarcomas of the spleen and liver are highly metastatic and malignant vascular neoplasms (tumors in the blood vessels) that arise from the endothelial cells (the cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels). It begins as a large mass that develops in the liver or spleen, spreading rapidly through the blood cell routes, most frequently to the liver from the spleen, or to the lungs from the spleen and liver. In some cases, it can also metastasize to the brain or heart. It can also lead to growth of implantation lesions in the ome ...read more

Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) in Dogs

Sat, 27 Mar 2010 15:19:51 +0000

Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Dogs

Hepatocellular carcinoma describes a malignant tumor of the epithelial tissues of the liver (the tissue that lines the cavities and surfaces of body structures – in this case the liver). This type of tumor is less common than benign liver tumors in dogs, but accounts for more than 50 percent of all types of malignant liver tumors combined. Extrahepatic (outside of the liver) forms occur very rarely in dogs. There are no breed predispositions, but affected dogs are on average older than ten years of age and tend to be male.

Symptoms
&n ...read more

Liver Disease (Copper Storage) in Dogs

Tue, 04 Nov 2008 20:29:33 +0000

Copper-Storage Hepatopathy in Dogs

Copper storage hepatopathy is a condition caused by an abnormal accumulation of copper in the animal's liver, which leads to hepatitis and progressive damage and scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) over the long term. This condition is believed to be secondary to a primary disease, the result of genetic-based abnormal copper metabolism.

Bedlington Terriers, Doberman Pinschers, and Labrador Retrievers are dog breeds ...read more

Liver Failure (Acute) in Dogs

Mon, 08 Sep 2008 18:42:13 +0000

Acute Hepatic Failure in Dogs

Acute hepatic failure is a condition characterized by the sudden loss of 70 percent or more of the liver's function due to sudden, massive, hepatic necrosis (tissue death in the liver).

Symptoms

Primary and secondary hepatobiliary disorders - those dealing with the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts or bile - are generally associated with variable hepatic necrosis. However, acute liver failure from severe hepatic necrosis is an uncommon phenomenon. Acute liver failure can affect the body through a number of system failures:

...read more

Liver Fibrosis in Young Dogs

Tue, 27 Apr 2010 19:25:50 +0000

Juvenile Fibrosing Liver Disease in Dogs

Juvenile fibrosing liver disease is a noninflammatory liver disease which causes excessive extracellular matrix proteins to deposit in the liver tissue (also known as liver firbosis). It is typically seen in young or juvenile dogs, especially large breeds. If left untreated, a dog with this disease may develop cirrhosis and liver failure.

Although the cause to the fibrosis remains uncertain, chronic exposure to toxic bile, exposure to intestinal toxins, and liver injuries may be a factor.

Symptoms and Types

...read more

Liver Fistula in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 19:39:34 +0000

Arteriovenous Malformation of the Liver in Dogs

Intrahepatic arteriovenous (AV) fistula is a congenital based condition that is uncommon in most cats and dogs, but it can also develop through surgical injury, trauma, and abnormal tissue or bone growth (neoplasia). When it occurs abnormal passages develop between the proper liver (hepatic) arteries and the inner liver (intrahepatic) portal veins.

This acute illness can be addressed with fair results when a proper diagnosis has been settled on. Most treatment will be on an outpatient basis and will include a planned diet, dieta ...read more

Liver Inflammation (Chronic) in Dogs

Fri, 13 Mar 2009 17:10:35 +0000

Chronic, Active Hepatitis in Dogs

Hepatitis, a medical condition used to describe long-term, ongoing inflammation of the liver, is associated with an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the liver and progressive scarring or formation of excessive fibrous tissue in the liver (fibrosis). These biological changes can lead to decreased functioning of the liver.

Another cause for hepatitis, inherited

Liver Inflammation (Granulomatous) in Dogs

Mon, 25 Jan 2010 16:37:47 +0000

Granulomatous Hepatitis in Dogs

Hepatitis is a condition in which the liver is inflamed, creating a diseased state. Further complicating this condition is the growth of inflamed tissue on the liver, a condition that is then referred to as hepatitis granulomatous (where a granuloma is a small area of inflamed tissue). This condition is most commonly due to fungal infection, but it can also be brought about by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or cancer.

Hepatitis granulomatous is relatively uncommon in dogs, but it is not limited by age or breed.

Symptoms and Types
...read more

Liver Inflammation (Suppurative) in Dogs

Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:23:11 +0000

Hepatitis, Suppurative and Hepatic Abscess in Dogs

The inflammation of the liver is known as hepatitis. Sometimes bacterial infections affecting the liver may involve the formation of abscesses containing pus. It also may accompany inflammation of the bile duct, the presence of stones in the gallbladder, necrotic (dead tissue) spots of the liver, and the formation of many small abscesses. Single abscesses may be present due to a tumor which becomes infected over time. Liver abscesses are more common in older dogs and patients with diabetes.

Symptoms and Types

...read more

Liver Inflammation in Dogs

Wed, 30 Dec 2009 11:05:10 +0000

Cholangitis-Cholangiohepatitis Syndrome in Dogs

Inflammation of the bile ducts and intrahepatic ducts -- the ducts that carry bile out of the liver -- is medically referred to as Cholangitis. Bile, an essential component in the digestive process, begins in the liver and is then stored in the gallbladder until a meal is taken. The bitter fluid is then released into the dog's small intestine, where it emulsifies fats in the food to be used as energy by the rest of the body.

Cholangiohepatitis, meanwhile, describes inflammation of the bile ducts and liver. Together, these diseas ...read more

Liver Tumor (Hepatocellular Adenoma) in Dogs

Fri, 26 Mar 2010 14:54:01 +0000

Hepatocellular Adenoma in Dogs

Hepatocellular adenoma is a benign tumor of the liver that stems from an over-growth of epithelial cells, which are used for secretion in the body. Fortunately, this tumor is quite rare in dogs, usually affecting dogs over 10 years of age.

Symptoms and Types

Mostly no symptoms are obvious in affected animals, though a rupture of a tumor mass may result in blood accumulation in the abdomen. The following are symptoms of hepatocellular in dogs:

Weakness
Abdominal pain

Liver Tumors in Older Dogs

Thu, 30 Oct 2008 20:07:40 +0000

Hepatic Nodular Hyperplasia in Dogs

Hepatic nodular hyperplasia is a seemingly benign lesion found in the liver of middle-aged to old dogs. The lesion consists of discrete accumulations of abnormally multiplying (hyperplastic) hepatocytes, the chief functional cells of the liver, and vacuolated hepatocytes – cells that contain fluid or air filled cavities within. This is a cause of high liver enzymes in old dogs.

Clinical findings are derived from associated high liver enzyme activity and ultrasonographic detection of nodules or nodularity in the liver, or by mass lesio ...read more

Lizard Venom Poisoning in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 14:16:25 +0000

In terms of lizards, the Gila Monster and the Mexican Beaded Lizard are the only ones to be seriously concerned about. These lizards live almost exclusively in the American Southwest and Mexico.

While Gila Monsters and Mexican Beaded Lizards are normally docile and do not often attack, it is important to be aware of the danger if a bite does occur. These lizards have a tendency to bite hard, and not let go. In order to remove it, use a prying instrument to open the lizard's jaws. It has also been found that a flame held under the lizard’s jaw will cause it let go.
...read more

Long-Term Stomach Inflammation in Dogs

Fri, 05 Feb 2010 19:25:33 +0000

Chronic Gastritis in Dogs

Chronic gastritis is the term used for intermittent vomiting of greater than one to two weeks caused by inflammation of the stomach. The stomach lining can be irritated by chemical irritants, drugs, foreign bodies, infectious agents, or long-term hyperacidity syndromes. Long-term allergen exposure, or immune-mediated disease (where the body's own anti-bodies attack the tissues of the body) may also produce long-term inflammation of the stomach’s lining.

Old, small-breed dogs like Lhasa Apsos, Shih-tzus, and Miniature Poodles are more commonly a ...read more

Loss of Appetite in Dogs

Thu, 14 Aug 2008 16:44:41 +0000

Anorexia in Dogs

Anorexia, as it applies to humans, has been in the news so much that most of us are aware of it on some level. Anorexia is a very serious condition causing an animal to refuse to eat totally and its food intake to decrease so much that it leads to drastic weight loss. Dog owners should consult a veterinarian immediately to identify the cause.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

Loss of Balance (Unbalanced Gait) in Dogs

Thu, 19 Nov 2009 19:04:32 +0000

Ataxia, Vestibular Disease in Dogs

Ataxia is a condition relating to a sensory dysfunction that produces loss of coordination of the limbs, head, and/or trunk. There are three clinical types of ataxia: sensory (proprioceptive), vestibular, and cerebellar. All three types produce changes in limb coordination, but vestibular and cerebellar ataxia also produce changes in head and neck movement.

Sensory (proprioceptive) ataxia occurs when the spinal cord is slowly compressed. A typical outward symptom of sensory ataxia is misplacing the feet, accompanied by a progressive weakness ...read more

Low Blood Albumin in Dogs

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 11:51:49 +0000

Hypoalbuminemia in Dogs

When the levels of albumin in a dog's blood serum are abnormally low, it is said to have hypoalbuminemia. A protein formed in the liver and carried into the blood, albumin is responsible for regulating blood volume by controlling pressure in the blood compartment. It is also important for retaining fluid in the vascular compartment. Therefore, a deficiency of albumin can pose grave risks for a dog, including dangerous fluid buildup.

Hypoalbuminemia has not been found to occur at any particular age. Moreover, there are no apparent breed or gen ...read more

Low Blood Calcium in Dogs

Fri, 05 Feb 2010 18:50:44 +0000

Hypocalcemia in Dogs

If your dog has lower than normal levels of calcium in its blood, it is suffering from the medical condition known as hypocalcemia. Calcium plays an important role in vital bodily functions such as bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, milk production, muscle contraction, heart pumping, vision, and in the metabolism of hormones and enzymes. Therefore, calcium deficiency is a serious condition that requires immediate treatment.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the problem. However, some of the ...read more

Low Blood Oxygen in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:47:59 +0000

Hypoxemia in Dogs

When the brain is deprived of oxygen, irreversible damage may be the result, even when the deprivation has been for a short period of time. Oxygen deficiency may also lead to anemia in the organs, which can progress to arrhythmia and heart failure. Hypoxemia occurs when arterial blood is not being oxygenated sufficiently. This is a serious condition and needs to be treated quickly.

Symptoms and Types

Coughing
Dif ...read more

Low Blood Potassium in Dogs

Mon, 25 Jan 2010 16:55:22 +0000

Hypokalemia in Dogs

Hypokalemia refers to lower than normal concentrations of potassium in the blood. A vital element to an important group of blood minerals called electrolytes, potassium functions in both cellular and electricual functions, such as in the conduction of electrical charges in the heart, nerves, and muscles.Therefore, lower levels of potassium in the bloodstream will compromise the normal functioning ability of these tissues.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms relate to the underlying cause of hypokalemia. Some of the more common ones include:

...read more

Low Blood Sugar in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 03:12:40 +0000

Hypoglycemia in Dogs

The medical term for critically low levels of sugar in the blood is hypoglycemia, and it is often linked to diabetes and an overdose of insulin. The blood sugar, or glucose, is a main energy of source in an animal's body, so a low amount will result in a severe decrease in energy levels, possibly to the point of loss of consciousness.

There are conditions other than diabetes that can also cause blood sugar levels to drop to dangerous levels in dogs. In most animals, hypoglycemia is actually not a disease in and of itself, but is only an indication of anot ...read more

Low Body Temperature in Dogs

Tue, 12 Aug 2008 15:59:50 +0000

Hypothermia in Dogs

Hypothermia is a medical condition that is characterized by an abnormally low body temperature. It has three phases: mild, moderate, and severe. Mild hypothermia is classified as a body temperature of 90 - 99°F (or 32 - 35°C), moderate hypothermia at 82 - 90°F (28 - 32°C), and severe hypothermia is any temperature less than 82°F (28°C). Hypothermia occurs when an animal’s body is no longer able to maintain normal temperature, causing a depression of the central nervous system (CNS). It may also affect heart and blood flow (cardiovascul ...read more

Low Platelet Count in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:23:46 +0000

Thrombocytopenia in Dogs

Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition where blood platelets become too low in animals. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and then released into the blood stream. They also serve the important function of maintaining hemostasis. Low platelet counts can be found in any breed of dog, and at any age. Treatment options do exist and unless the cause of the condition is serious, prognosis for the dog is positive.

Thrombocytopenia affects both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this disease affects cats, please visit

Low Production of Parathyroid Hormone in Dogs

Tue, 20 Apr 2010 20:26:29 +0000

Hypoparathyroidism in Dogs

Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by an absolute or relative deficiency of parathyroid hormone in the blood. The parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, normally increasing blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be reabsorbed from the bone. Low levels of parathyroid hormone secretion will therefore lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, a condition called hypocalcemia.

The parathyroid glands are small, hormone-secreting glands that are located on or near the thyroid glands, which are in turn located at t ...read more

Low White Blood Cell Count in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 14:37:02 +0000

Neutropenia in Dogs

The white blood cells known as neutrophils are vital for fighting infection; when they drop very low, your dog is suddenly susceptible to all kinds of infections and illnesses. There are many possible causes: genetic predisposition, cancer, and certain drugs, among others.

This disease has had a lot of attention among researchers in recent years, and more is known about it now, especially about the genes that are responsible for many of the congenital neutropenia syndromes. However, less has been learned about the other kinds of neutropenia, especially tho ...read more

Lower Eyelid Droop in Dogs

Thu, 30 Oct 2008 20:54:36 +0000

Ectropion in Dogs

Ectropion is a condition which describes the margin of the eyelid rolling outward, resulting in exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva (the portion of tissue that lines the inner lids). Exposure and poor tear distribution may predispose the patient to sight-threatening corneal disease. It occurs mostly in dogs; seldom in cats. Breeds with higher than average prevalence include sporting breeds (e.g., Spaniels, hounds, and retrievers); giant breeds (e.g., St. Bernards and mastiffs); and any breed with loose facial skin (especially bloodhounds). There is a genetic predis ...read more

Lung Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

Wed, 15 Jul 2009 15:30:56 +0000

Adenocarcinoma of the Lung in Dogs

Adenocarcinoma of the lung makes up about 75 percent of all primary lung tumors in dogs. This is a malignant neoplasm, with the ability to grow rapidly and metastasize to distant parts of the body, including the organs, lymph nodes, bones, brain and eyes. Like other types of malignant tumors, adenocarcinoma of the lungs is usually seen in older dogs, over ten years of age, and is more common in dogs than cats. Any breed can be affected by this type of cancer, but boxers have been fo ...read more

Lung Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

Wed, 21 Oct 2009 19:54:10 +0000

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lungs in Dogs

The epithelium is the cellular covering of all of the internal and external surfaces of the body, protecting the organs, inner cavities and outer surfaces of the body in a continuous layer of multi-layered tissue. The squamous epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of the outer layer of flat, scale-like cells, which are called squamous cells. A squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is a type of metastasizing tumor that arises from the squamous epithelium in lungs.

This is a rare form of primary tumor with high metastatic po ...read more

Lung Lobe Twisting in Dogs

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 11:08:42 +0000

Lung Lobe Torsion in Dogs

Torsion, or twisting, of the lung lobe results in the obstruction of the dog's bronchus and vessels, including the veins and arteries. The obstruction of the blood vessels causes the lung lobe to engorge with blood, which results in necrosis and death of the affected lung tissue. This may lead to many complications, including coughing up blood, tachycardia, or shock.

Male dogs are at a higher risk of lung lobe torsion than females, as are large, deep-chested. However, small dogs such as pugs (especially those younger than four) are also at risk, most ...read more

Lungworms in Dogs

Wed, 28 Jul 2010 21:00:13 +0000

Parasitic Respiratory Infections in Dogs

Lungworms are a parasitic worm (nematode) that settles in the lungs and windpipe (trachea), causing severe respiratory problems. Dogs that spend a lot of time roaming in the woods and/or on fields are at higher risk of developing this type of parasitic infections.

Symptoms and Types

There are several species of worm that can migrate to the lungs of animals, causing coughing and shortness of breath. The parasite most commonly seen in dogs is the Oslerus osleri.

Adult worms create nodules in the windpipe of the animal a ...read more

Lymph Node Inflammation (Lymphadenitis) in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jun 2010 00:05:02 +0000

Lymphadenitis in Dogs

Inflammation of the lymph nodes, a condition known as lymphadenitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nodes due to an active migration of white blood cells. There are different types of white blood cells that can cause this: neutrophils, the most abundant type of white blood cells in the body; macrophages, the cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens in the bloodstream; or eosinophils, the white blood cells of the immune system.

Because of the filtration functions of the lymph nodes, they are likely to be exposed to infectious ag ...read more

Lymph Node Inflammation (Lymphadenopathy) in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 15:08:16 +0000

Lymphadenopathy in Dogs

Lymph nodes (or glands), are small masses of tissue that can be found throughout the body. They play an integral part in the functioning of the dog's immune system, acting as filters for the blood, and as storage places for white blood cells. Consequently, they are often the first indicators of disease in the tissues.

When tissues become inflamed, the regional lymph nodes that these tissues drain into will also become inflamed and swollen in response. This swelling is due to a reactive increase in white blood cells (hyperplasia) due to the localized p ...read more

Lymph Node Inflammation, Intestinal Tract (Lymphangieasia) in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jun 2010 01:27:57 +0000

Lymphangiectasia in Dogs

The lymphatic vessels are vascular channels (similar to veins) that transport lymph, a clear to slightly colored fluid that contains white-blood cells. This fluid circulates through the lymphatic vessels, removing bacteria and other materials from body tissues. It also serves to transport fat from the small intestines, eventually emptying into the blood, returning tissue fluids into the general body circulation.

Lymphangiectasia is the dilation (expansion) of the lymphatic vessels in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach, small intes ...read more

Lymphoma in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 13:40:09 +0000

Cancer of the Lymphocytes in Dogs

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphocyte cells of the immune system. A type of white blood cell, lymphocytes play an important and integral role in the body's defenses.

There are two forms of lymphocytes: B and T cells. Lymphoma may involve neoplastic proliferation of T or B, or non-B/non-T type lymphocytes, occurring primarily in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and visceral organs. But mostly cases involving B-lymphocytes are seen in dogs.

Although rare in dogs, lymphoma is more prevalent in Boxers, golden retrie ...read more

Magnesium Deficiency in Dogs

Sat, 17 Apr 2010 07:50:42 +0000

Hypomagnesemia in Dogs

Magnesium is second only to potassium as the most abundant substance in the cells. Therefore, a deficiency in magnesium (also known as hypomagnesemia) is a serious health concern. Most magnesium is found in bone (60 percent) and soft tissue (38 percent), and most of the soft tissue magnesium resides in the skeletal muscle and liver. It is required for many metabolic functions, and its role as an activator or catalyst for more than 300 enzyme systems includes formation of the enzymes that involve ATP (adenose triphosphate), which transports chemical energy within ...read more

Mammary Gland Tumor in Dogs

Mon, 04 Jan 2010 18:34:37 +0000

Benign and malignant tumors of the mammary glands occur fairly frequently in unspayed female dogs, in fact they are the most common type of tumor in the group. Spaying can largely reduce the risk of developing this type of cancer, especially if the dog is spayed before it has an opportunity to go into heat. There are two main types of mammary gland breast tumors, each with several subtypes of tumor growth.

The mammary glands' function is to produce milk to feed newborn puppies. They are located in two rows that extend from the chest to the lower abdominal area; the nipples i ...read more

Mange (Sarcoptic) in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 20:00:16 +0000

Hair Loss Caused by Mites

Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease found in dogs, caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. These mites will burrow through the skin causing intense itching and irritation. The scratching that results is what causes the majority of the animal's hair to fall out. This is a treatable medical condition, but is highly contagious for other animals and humans. Pet owners are advised to keep the animal quarantined while it is being treated.

Symptoms

Intense scratching
Skin rash
Crust f ...read more

Mange in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:34:15 +0000

Demodicosis in Dogs

Mange (demodicosis) is an inflammatory disease in dogs caused by various types of the Demodex mite. When the number of mites inhabiting the hair follicles and skin of the dog become exorbitant, it can lead to skin lesions, genetic disorders, problems with the immune system and hair loss (alopecia). The severity of symptoms depends upon the type of mite inhabiting the dog.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to le ...read more

Mass Protrusion from the Vaginal Area in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 18:29:00 +0000

Vaginal Hyperplasia and Prolapse in Dogs

Vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse refers to a mass which protrudes from the vaginal area. The condition is similar in nature to fluid-filled tissue (edema). If serious, it can prevent normal urination. Vaginal hyperplasia affects dogs of all ages, although it is found more commonly in younger animals. The outcome is positive for most animals, but the chance of the condition recurring is high.

Symptoms and Types

Type 1 hyperplasia occurs when there is a slight protrusion, even though it does not exit the vulva itself. Type 2 hyp ...read more

Maternal Behavior Problems in Female Dogs

Mon, 31 May 2010 21:56:58 +0000

Mismothering in Female Dogs

Maternal behavioral problems are classified as either excessive maternal behavior in the absence of newborn pups or the lack of maternal behavior when dealing with the mother's own young. (Other types of maternal behavior problem also exist but are still poorly defined.)

Though no genetic component has yet been attributed to these behavioral problems,the fact that Jack Russell terriers seem to be predisposed to the behavior indicate the possibility of a genetic component.

Symptoms and Types

Inadequate Maternal Behavior ...read more

Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis, Meningomyelitis in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 13:56:13 +0000

Bacterial Meningitis and other Nervous System Infections in Dogs

Much like in humans, the system of membranes which envelops the dog's central nervous system is called the meninges. If this system becomes inflamed, it is referred to as meningitis. Meningoencephalitis, meanwhile, is the inflammation of the meninges and brain, and meningomyelitis is the inflammation of the meninges and spinal cord.

Inflammation of meninges commonly leads to secondary inflammation of the brain and/or spinal cord, resulting in various neurological complications. Long-term inflammation can also ob ...read more

Mesothelioma in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 20:00:39 +0000

Mesotheliomas are rare tumors derived from the cellular tissue that lines the cavities and interior structures of the body. These linings are called the epithelial linings, specifically the mesothelium. The mesothelial lining, specifically, is a membranous epithelial lining that is derived from the mesoderm cell layer, with its main functions being to line the body cavity, to cover and protect the internal organs, and to facilitate movement within the body cavity (coelom).

Mesotheliomas are the result of abnormal division and replication of mesothelial cells, and their migrati ...read more

Metabolic Enzyme Deficiency in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 14:18:41 +0000

Lysosomal Storage Diseases in Dogs

Lysosomal storage diseases are primarily genetic and are caused by a lack of the enzymes that are needed to perform metabolic functions. It is a rare disease that most commonly occurs in puppies. The disease causes an accumulation of various substances that would otherwise be eliminated by the enzymes, and which become stored in the dog’s tissues in abnormal amounts (usually occurring in the nervous system). As a result, cells swell and can no longer function normally. Unfortunately, lysosomal storage diseases are always fatal.

Humans ...read more

Metabolic Muscle Disease without Inflammation in Dogs

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 14:48:38 +0000

Non-inflammatory Metabolic Myopathy in Dogs

Noninflammatory metabolic myopathy is a rare muscle disease associated with metabolic disorders like various enzyme defects or storage of abnormal metabolic byproducts and others.

Little is known about how the disorder affects dogs exactly, but English springer spaniels, American cocker spaniels, German shepherds, Akitas, curly-coated retrievers, clumber spaniels, Sussex spaniels, old English sheepdogs, Lapland dogs are all predisposed to the disease.

Symptoms and Types

Muscular weakness
...read more

Miscarriage Due to Bacterial Infection (Brucellosis) in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 18:49:38 +0000

Brucellosis in Dogs

Brucellosis is a contagious bacterial disease that affects several animal species. In dogs, this condition is caused by a bacterium known as Brucella canis. The bacteria are typically spread through breeding and through contact with tissue remains from miscarried pregnancies, but may also be spread through an infected mother’s milk. An infected bitch may spontaneously abort the pregnancy, or may have a marked decrease in her fertility levels. If she does carry the puppies to term, they often still die as a result of infection, since puppies have unde ...read more

Miscarriage in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 18:18:02 +0000

Spontaneous Abortion and Pregnancy Loss in Cats

There are several methods for performing a safe abortion for a dog, as well as instances in which the pregnancy could spontaneously abort or miscarry. It is important to note that dogs can experience spontaneous abortions and lost pregnancies for a variety of medical reasons.

If a dog owner is considering aborting an unwanted pregnancy, seeking professional medical advice and assistance is recommended, so that a full risk and side effect evaluation can be done. In the event that the pregnancy is lost or spontaneously abort ...read more

Mouth Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

Wed, 15 Jul 2009 18:11:29 +0000

Salivary Gland Adenocarcinoma in Dogs

The salivary glands produce and secrete saliva to help in lubrication and improve the solubility of food, an essential component of the digestive process. There are four major salivary glands, including the mandibular, sublingual, parotid, and zygomatic gland. Adenocarcinoma can affect any of these salivary glands, but the most commonly affected gland in dogs is the mandibular gland.

Adenocarcinoma is characterized as originating in the glandular tissue, and like other carcinomas, can be especially malignant, spreading quickly throughout ...read more

Mouth Cancer (Amelobastoma) in Dogs

Mon, 08 Jun 2009 16:19:55 +0000

Ameloblastoma in Dogs

Ameloblastoma, previously known as adamantinoma, is an uncommon neoplasm that affects the tooth structures in dogs. In most cases the mass is found to be benign in nature, but a rare, highly invasive malignant form is also recognized in some dogs. It may be present at any place within the dental arcade. As with many cancers, ameloblastoma mainly affects middle-aged or older dogs.

Symptoms and Types

Ameloblastoma is usually benign in nature and remains well localized. You may notice a firm and smooth mass covering the gingival space. The presence ...read more

Mouth Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs

Wed, 30 Dec 2009 14:47:35 +0000

Oral Chondrosarcoma in Dogs

Chondrosarcomas are characteristic for their slow but progressive invasion of the surrounding tissues. These malignant, cancerous tumors originate in the cartilage, the connective tissue between bones. They are often mistaken for benign (non-spreading) tumors because of their slow spread and lack of symptoms. They are often found by accident, when they have become large enough to notice, appearing as a lump in the mouth or under the skin of the face, or when they have started to cause pain for the affected animal.

These tumors have a smooth to sli ...read more

Mouth Cancer (Gingiva Fibrosarcoma) in Dogs

Wed, 15 Jul 2009 18:29:21 +0000

Gingival Fibrosarcoma in Dogs

As dogs age, they sometimes develop growths in their mouths. One type of oral growth is a fibrosarcoma, a cancerous tumor derived from fibrous connective tissue. Fibrosarcomas are relatively low in malignancy, growing slowly and generally not spreading to other organs, though they do aggressively invade other tissue and bone that is near them. The most common location for a fibrosarcoma of the the mouth is in the gums (gingiva).

Dogs that are affected with fibrosarcomas are, on average, seven and a half years old, but these tumors have been seen ...read more

Mouth Cancer (Gingiva Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

Tue, 14 Jul 2009 16:43:41 +0000

Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs

Carcinoma, a type of tissue cancer that is particularly virulent, can occur in any part of the body, including the mouth. This form of cancer has the capability of metastasizing quickly through the body, often with fatal results. Of the several types of cancerous oral growths that a dog can be affected by, a squamous cell carcinoma is the most common one. These tumors grow very rapidly and typically invade nearby bone and tissue. Unlike other carcinomas these tumors do not usually spread to other organs, but, like other carcinomas, they are mai ...read more

Mouth Cancer (Melanocytic) in Dogs

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 17:50:42 +0000

Oral Melanocytic Tumors in Dogs

Melanocytic tumors of the oral cavity arise from a local invasion of neoplastic melanocytic cells, or melanin-producing cells found in multiple sites throughout the body, including the mouth and skin. These tumors arise from the gingival surface and are aggressive in nature. They are usually raised, irregular, ulcerated, have a dead surface, and are highly invasive to bone.

Melanocytic tumors are the most common oral malignant tumors in dogs, commonly affecting dogs over 10 years of age. Such tumors may cause death as these render animals unabl ...read more

Mouth Cancer in Dogs

Wed, 15 Jul 2009 18:59:19 +0000

Undifferentiated Oral Cavity Tumors in Dogs

Undifferentiated oral tumors in dogs are usually found on the roof of the mouth or around the upper teeth. They grow very quickly, involving the bone and tissue near them, and they metastasize quickly and easily to other areas of the body. They are some of the most difficult types of cancer to treat. These tumors are usually seen in large dog breeds between the ages of six months and twenty-two months old. It is uncommon for young dogs to get tumors, but on rare occasions it does happen. One type of tumor that is found in dogs is an undiff ...read more

Mouth Inflammation and Ulcers (Chronic) in Dogs

Mon, 15 Feb 2010 13:35:57 +0000

Oral Ulceration and Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis in Dogs

Oral ulceration and chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS) is a disease of the mouth which causes painful ulcers on the gums and mucosal lining of the mouth cavity. The cause of this condition has been determined to be a hypersensitive immune response to bacteria and plaque on the tooth surfaces, and sometimes signs of CUPS will start subsequent to a dental cleaning, when these materials are loosened in the mouth.

While it appears that manipulation and antigenic stimulation (substances that st ...read more

Mucopolysaccharidoses in Dogs

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 03:43:26 +0000

Metabolic Disorders Due to Lysomal Enzyme Deficiency in Dogs

Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of GAGs (glycosaminoglycans, or mucopolysaccharides) due to the impaired functions of lysosomal enzymes. It is the mucopolysaccharides which help in building bones, cartilage, skin, tendons, corneas, and the fluid responsible for lubricating joints.

Plott hounds, Labrador retrievers, wire-haired dachunds, Huntaway (sheep) dogs, miniature pinschers, miniature schnauzers, Welsh corgis, mixed breeds, and German shepherds are pred ...read more

Mucus in Dog Stool

Tue, 11 May 2010 18:14:23 +0000

What Causes Mucus in Stool?

Usually, you need not worry about seeing a small amount of mucus in your pet's stool. Dog stool normally contains some mucus -- a slime-like substance made by the intestines to keep the lining of the colon lubricated and moist.

But if you notice an excessive amount of mucus in the stool, or if it is accompanied with blood or a radical change in your dog's bowel movements, seek immediate veterinary medical attention. He or she will be better able to identify the underlying cause and recommend a proper course of treatment. Common causes include:
&nb ...read more

Muscle Contraction Disease (Myoclonus) in Dogs

Mon, 15 Feb 2010 13:08:32 +0000

Myoclonus in Dogs

The term "myoclonus" is used to denote a condition in which a portion of a muscle, entire muscle, or group of muscles contracts in a coarse, repetitive, involuntary, and rhythmic manner at rates up to 60 times per minute (sometimes even occurring during sleep).

These abnormal contractions occur due to nervous dysfunction and most commonly affect groups of muscles involved in chewing and/or any of the skeletal muscles of the limbs. Myoclonus is also seen in c ...read more

Muscle Cramps in Scottish Terriers

Mon, 26 Apr 2010 12:49:12 +0000

Noninflammatory Hereditary Scotty Cramp in Scottish Terrier

“Scotty Cramp” is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder characterized by periodic cramps. It is seen in Scottish Terriers, especially those less than one year of age.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms do not typically arise until the dog exercises or becomes overly excited. The episode(s) may continue for up to 30 minutes and include such signs as:

Gasping, shortness of breath; the dog may even stop breathing for a short time
Contraction of facial muscles

Muscle Tear in Dogs

Mon, 24 May 2010 14:10:29 +0000

Muscle Rupture in Dogs

A normal muscle can be stretched, pinched, or injured directly, resulting in fiber disruption, weakening, and immediate or delayed separation of the uninjured portions. Normal activity may cause muscle disruption. Alternatively, the muscle structure may be compromised by systemic or iatrogenic (physician-caused) conditions. The rupture may be complete or incomplete, and may be in the middle of the muscle or at the muscle-tendon junction. The acute (sudden and severe) stage is characterized by a typical inflammatory reaction that becomes chronic over time, with c ...read more

Mushroom Poisoning in Dogs

Wed, 28 Apr 2010 12:53:05 +0000

Mushroom poisoning occurs as a result of ingesting toxic mushrooms, which is a common hazard for dogs because of the amount of time they spend outdoors or in wooded areas, particularly in the summer and fall. Toxic mushrooms are classified into four categories (A, B, C, D), based on the clinical signs and their time of onset, and into seven groups (1-7) on the basis of the toxin they contain. However, because it is sometimes difficult to identify what type of mushroom your dog has consumed, you should always bring it in to see a veterinarian if you should suspect a problem.

Sy ...read more

Mushroom, Mold, Yeast Poisoning in Dogs

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 01:00:11 +0000

Mycotoxicosis (Tremogenic Toxins) in Dogs

Mycotoxicosis is a term used to denote poisoning by food products contaminated by fungi (i.e., moldy bread, cheese, English walnuts, or even a backyard compost). As well as being toxic to humans, fungi release various toxins, also called mycotoxins, that are toxic to cats and dogs.

Symptoms and Types

The severity and type of symptom will ultimately depend on the amount and type of mycotoxin ingested. Some of the more common sym ...read more

Myelin Deficiency in Dogs

Sat, 17 Apr 2010 08:14:43 +0000

Hypomyelination in Dogs

Hypomyelination is a congenital condition caused by insufficient myelin production in the body. A fatty substance that covers the axons (the portions of the nerve cells that transfer impulses to other cells of the body), myelin serves an important function for the nerve cells: as an insulator, protecting the nerve from outside influences, and as an aid for forwarding the process of cellular transmission of nervous system actions. This condition affects the central nervous system (CNS), with related tremors that are most apparent when a dog is active.

C ...read more

Myeloproliferative Disorders in Dogs

Sun, 14 Feb 2010 14:24:18 +0000

Myeloproliferative Disorders are a group of disorders that involve excess cell production originating from the bone marrow. Although they are not associated with neoplastic tissues, like other cancers, myeloproliferative disorders are classified within blood cancers.

Symptoms and Types

Lethargy
Weakness
Anemia
Recurrent infections
Pale mucous membranes
Weight loss
...read more

Narcolepsy and Cataplexy in Dogs

Fri, 19 Sep 2008 20:49:25 +0000

Attacks of Sleep and Weakness in Dogs

Narcolepsy and cataplexy are disorders of the nervous system. Narcolepsy occurs when an animal suffers from excessive daytime sleepiness, lack of energy, or brief losses of consciousness. The episodes are brief and go away by themselves. Cataplexy is characterized by sudden muscle paralysis without loss of consciousness. The animal remains alert and can follow movement with its eyes throughout the episode. Cataplexy is similar to narcolepsy in that the episodes are spontaneous, brief, and reversible. These disorders are relatively common in dogs. ...read more

Narrowed Bronchi in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 18:18:39 +0000

Bronchiectasis in Dogs

The trachea, or wind pipe, divides into two main bronchi, which further divide several more times into smaller bronchioles, forming the bronchial tree that feeds air into the lungs.

In bronchiectasis, bronchi are irreversibly dilated due to destruction of elastic and muscular components of airway walls, with or without accompanying accumulation of lung secretions. Dilatation and accumulation of secretions perpetuates lung damage, invite infections to settle, and compromise the lung functions in patient. American

Narrowing of Pyloric Canal in Dogs

Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:39 +0000

Chronic Hypertrophic Pyloric Gastropathy in Dogs

Chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy, or pyloric stenosis, or, is the narrowing of the pyloric canal due to an overgrowth of muscles of the region. This region of the stomach connects with the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum. The exact cause of the disease is still unknown, but it has been found to be either congenital (existing at birth) in nature or acquired later in life.

Cases of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is found to be common in the boxer, Boston terrier, and bulldog. The acquired d ...read more

Narrowing of the Anal or Rectal Opening in Dogs

Tue, 18 Nov 2008 19:09:15 +0000

Rectal Stricture in Dogs

Rectal stricture is a condition where the rectal or anal opening is constricted due to the presence of scar tissue from inflammation, a previous injury, or an aggressive cancer growth. This narrow opening(s) obstructs the passage of stools, thereby resulting in issues with the cat's digestive system. Rectal stricture is not hereditary.

Dogs and cats of both genders, and most breeds and ages may be affected by strictures. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit

Narrowing of the Esophagus in Dogs

Fri, 27 Feb 2009 16:32:04 +0000

Esophageal Stricture in Dogs

The esophagus is the tubular organ that runs from the throat to the stomach; an esophageal stricture is an abnormal narrowing of the inner open space of the esophagus. It can affect dogs at any age, and there is no apparent genetic factor involved.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

Symptoms and ...read more

Narrowing of Vertebral Canal in Dogs

Sun, 11 Apr 2010 11:14:17 +0000

Lumbosacral Stenosis and Cauda Equina Syndrome in Dogs

A dog’s spine is composed of multiple bones with disks located in between adjacent bones called vertebrae. Seven cervical vertebrae are located in the neck (C1-C7), 13 thoracic vertebrae are present from the shoulder to the end of the ribs (T1-T13), seven lumbar vertebrae are present in the area starting from the end of the ribs to the pelvis (L1-L7), with the remaining vertebrae called sacral and coccygeal (tail) vertebrae.

Cauda equina syndrome involves the narrowing of the vertebral canal, resulting in compressio ...read more

Nasal Passage Narrowing in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 19:18:53 +0000

Nasopharyngeal Stenosis in Dogs

Nasopharyngeal stenosis is a narrowing of one of the four portions of the nasal cavity on either side of nasal septum. Any of the four portions can be affected, which include the common, inferior, middle, and superior portions. The nasal septum is the part of nose that separates the two airways in the nostrils.

The narrowing may occur due to the formation of a thin but tough membrane in the passage of the nasal cavity. Chronic inflammation and subsequent fibrosis (formation of excess fibrous tissue) after an infection is one of the probable cau ...read more

Neck and Back Pain in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:55:26 +0000

Unfortunately, your dog can not tell you where it hurts, and it can be difficult to determine the exact location when your dog has been injured and is in obvious pain. Your veterinarian may even have trouble determining the location. And because there are a number of causes for neck and back pain, zeroing in on the underlying cause may take some time.

Symptoms and Types

Change in posture
Abnormal spine alignment (i.e., back is curved upward)
Visible trauma to areas around the spine (e.g., bruises, discoloration)
< ...read more

Nerve Disorder Affecting Multiple Nerves in Dogs

Wed, 24 Sep 2008 20:34:21 +0000

Peripheral Neuropathy (Polyneuropathies) in Dogs

Polyneuropathy is a nerve disorder that affects multiple peripheral nerves. Peripheral, meaning outside of, in this case refers to the nerves that are outside of the central nervous system. They are made up of the motor, sensory, autonomic, and/or cranial nerves. Unlike the central nervous system, which has the vertebrae of the spine, and the bone of the skull to protect it, the peripheral nerves are more exposed to the elements that enter into the body and come into contact with the body, so they are more susceptible to physical injury ...read more

Nerve Sheath Tumor in Dogs

Tue, 07 Oct 2008 20:05:28 +0000

Schwannoma in Dogs

Schwannomas are tumors that originate in the myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is produced by the Schwann cell, a specialized cell which surrounds the peripheral nerves, providing mechanical and physical support for the nerves as well as insulating the nerves that transmit the nervous system’s electrical signals. The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves outside of the central nervous system (brain and spine). Peripheral nerve sheath tumor is the term that has been proposed to include schwannomas, neurofibromas (nerve fiber tumors), neurofibrosarcoma ...read more

Nerve/Muscle Disorder in Dogs

Mon, 24 May 2010 14:25:30 +0000

Myasthenia Gravis in Dogs

Myasthenia gravis is a disorder of signal transmission between the nerves and muscles (known as neuromuscular transmission), characterized by muscular weakness and excessive fatigue. The disorder is congenital (present at birth) and familial (runs in families or lines). Jack Russell terriers, English springer spaniels, smooth fox terriers; smooth-haired miniature dachshunds have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for the disease.

It can also be acquired (not inherited, but present later in life/after birth), but as with other autoimmune disea ...read more

Neuropathic Pain in Dogs

Thu, 18 Mar 2010 07:16:21 +0000

Pain from the Nervous System in Dogs

Neuropathic pain commonly results from an injury or disease relating to the body’s nerves and how they function, or within the spinal cord itself. This particular kind of pain is difficult to pinpoint, especially in patients that are unable to respond to specific inducements.

Symptoms and Types

Damage to the tissues of the body, and the nerves running through them, creates a constant (chronic) pain that is brought on by a light touch to the affected area and/or a heightened perception of pain. Pain originating within the spi ...read more

Noce Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs

Tue, 03 Nov 2009 17:05:16 +0000

Chondrosarcoma of the Nasal and Paranasal Sinuses in Dogs

A chondrosarcoma (CSA) is the second most common primary tumor in dogs, accounting for ten percent of all primary bone tumors. This is a malignant, invasive and fast spreading tumor in dogs. A CSA of the nasal and paranasal sinuses arises from the mesenchymal tissue, a connective collagenous tissue that is found throughout the body, and metastasizes to other parts of the body, including the nasal bones. It usually occurs on one side of the nasal cavity and extends to the other side over time.

Breeds that have been rep ...read more

Noisy Breathing in Dogs

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 11:25:27 +0000

Stertor and Stridor in Dogs

Unusually loud breathing sounds are often the result of air passing through abnormally narrowed passageways, meeting resistance to airflow because of partial blockage of these regions. The origin may be the back of the throat (nasopharynx), the throat (pharynx), the voice box (larynx), or the windpipe (trachea). Abnormal breathing sounds of this type can be heard without using a stethoscope.

Stertor is noisy breathing that occurs during inhalation. It is a low-pitched, snoring type of sound that usually arises from the vibration of fluid, or the vi ...read more

Non-Inflammatory Hereditary Muscle Disease in Dogs

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 11:51:04 +0000

Non-inflammatory Hereditary Myotonia in Dogs

Non-inflammatory hereditary myotonia is a muscle disease characterized by persistent contraction or delayed relaxation of muscles, especially during movement. Although it can be acquired later in life -- often experimentally induced with ingestion of herbicides -- this article pertains to congenital myotonia, which is often seen in chow chows and miniature schnauzers.

Symptoms and Types

The symptoms below are commonly associated with non-inflammatory hereditary myotonia; they may improve after exercise and/or worsen due to ...read more

Non-inflammatory Myopathy of Endocrine Origin in Dogs

Wed, 24 Feb 2010 15:19:44 +0000

This form of non-inflammatory myopathy is a type of muscle disease caused by endocrine maladies such as hypo- and hyperthyroidism. However, non-inflammatory myopathy of endocrine origin has also been associated with corticosteroid use.

Symptoms and Types

Muscle weakness
Loss of muscle bulk
Stiffness
Cramps
Regurgitation
Difficulty in swallowing (

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Toxicity in Dogs

Mon, 24 May 2010 19:33:39 +0000

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity is one of the more common forms of toxicity, and is among the ten most common poisoning cases reported to the National Animal Poison Control Center. Classified as carboxylic acids (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen) or enolic acids (e.g., phenylbutazone, dipyrone), NSAIDs can be extremely toxic when ingested over the long-term (chronic) or when acutely ingested.

Species differ greatly in how their bodies absorb, excrete, and metabolize NSAID agents, but both dogs and cats are susceptible to NSAID toxicity. In fact, if left untreated, it can ...read more

Nose and Sinus cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

Tue, 06 Apr 2010 15:57:14 +0000

Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs

The respiratory system has many parts, but the two important parts of the upper respiratory system are the nose and paranasal sinuses. The paranasal sinuses are hollow spaces in the bones of the skull. They connect with the nose and help to add moisture to the air that a dog breathes in through its nose. Both the inside of the nose and the paranasal sinuses are covered in the same type of tissue, called the epithelium. The outer layer of this tissue is scale like, and is called the squamous epithelium. Tumors that grow from this squamous epitheliu ...read more

Nose and Sinus Inflammation in Dogs

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 20:19:55 +0000

Rhinitis and Sinusitis in Dogs

Rhinitis refers to the inflammation of an animal's nose; sinusitis, meanwhile, refers to the inflammation of the nasal passages. Both medical conditions can cause a mucus discharge to develop. With prolonged inflammation, bacterial infections are common.

Older dogs will often experience the growth and presence of abnormal tissue (neoplasia), or dental disease, resulting in inflammation.

Rhinitis and sinusitis may occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how these disorders affects dogs, please visit

Nose Bleed in Dogs

Thu, 17 Jul 2008 16:05:12 +0000

Epistaxis in Dogs

A bleeding nose can come from several sources. One may be the result of a condition called coagulopathy — a condition where the blood is not coagulating as it should. There are several other possible causes for nose bleeds, such as a wound or injury that is not apparent, as from a snake bite, or it may be from a disease, like cancer in an organ, leukemia, or a number of other diseases. Regardless of the cause, this is a condition that needs to be checked by your veterinarian promptly.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can ...read more

Nose Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 16:43:35 +0000

Nasal Adenocarcinoma in Dogs

Nose cancer (or nasal adenocarcinoma) occurs when too many cells in the animal's nasal and sinus passages come together. The disease progresses slowly and occurs both in dogs and cats. Studies have shown nose cancer is more common in larger animal breeds than in smaller ones, and it may be more common in males than females. Options exist when the disease is caught early and aggressively treated.

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects c ...read more

Nose Cancer (Fibrosarcoma) in Dogs

Thu, 12 Feb 2009 22:49:20 +0000

Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Fibrosarcoma in Dogs

Nasal and paranasal fibrosarcoma is characterized by a malignant tumor based in the connective tissue of the nasal passage or in the surrounding area. A fibrosarcoma specifically refers to the abnormal development of cells. It is typically a slow and invasive process that progresses to a critical state before it is discovered.

This medical condition usually affects dogs between the ages of nine and twelve. Gender is associated with this condition as well, with male dogs being more prone to fibrosarcoma than females. If treated, a ...read more

Nose Pad Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

Fri, 23 Oct 2009 20:29:17 +0000

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Nasal Planum in Dogs

The epithelium is the cellular covering of all of the internal and external surfaces of the body, protecting the organs, inner cavities and outer surfaces of the body in a continuous layer of multi-layered tissue. The squamous epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of the outer layer of flat, scale-like cells, which are called squamous cells.

In this case, squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum arises from the tissue in the nose pad, or in the mucous membranes of the nose. A squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant ...read more

Obesity in Dogs

Wed, 02 Jul 2008 17:58:16 +0000

Excessive Weight in Dogs

Obesity is a nutritional disease which is defined by an excess of body fat. Dogs that are over nourished, lack the ability to exercise, or that have a tendency to retain weight are the most at risk for becoming obese. Obesity can result in serious adverse health effects, such as reducing the lifespan, even if your dog is only moderately obese. Multiple areas of the body are affected by excess body fat, including the bones and joints, the digestive organs, and the organs responsible for breathing capacity.

Obesity is common in dogs of all ages, but it ...read more

Optic Nerve Swelling in Dogs

Wed, 05 Nov 2008 21:07:13 +0000

Optic Neuritis in Dogs

Optic neuritis refers to a condition in which one or both of the optic nerves are swollen, resulting in impaired visual function. The optic nerve, sometimes called the cranial nerve, is a nerve in the eye that takes visual information and transmits it to the brain. Optic neuritis affects the ophthalmic and nervous systems of the body.

The primary form of optic neuritis is uncommon and usually affects only dogs younger than three years of age. The secondary form of optic neuritis, however, in which the disease is secondary to another disease, such as cen ...read more

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) in Dogs

Wed, 30 Sep 2009 20:22:22 +0000

Excess Cartilage and Deficient Bone Growth in Dogs

Endochondral ossification is a normal bone growth process by which cartilage is replaced by bone in the early development of the fetus. Osteochondrosis is a pathological condition in which normal endochondral ossification, the metamorphoses of cartilage to bone, is disturbed. The disturbance is often due to a disruption in the blood supply to the bone. The result is retention of excessive cartilage at the site as the process of endochondral ossification is halted, but cartilage continues to grow. The end result is abnormally thick reg ...read more

Out-of-place Urethral Lining in Dogs

Tue, 09 Sep 2008 15:31:51 +0000

Urethral Prolapse in Dogs

Urethral prolapse is a condition where the urethra's mucosal lining (the mucus-producing lining of the canal that carries urine out of the bladder) falls out of place, often moving to the outer portion of the urethra, vaginal, or penile opening, making it visible.

Urethral prolapse can affect several other parts of a dog's body, including the urinary bladder (the storage sac for urine), the urinary tract, reproductive organs, and the immune system.

In many instances, no specific treatment is required unless there is a more serious underlyin ...read more

Ovarian Tumors in Dogs

Wed, 24 Sep 2008 18:48:02 +0000

Ovarian Cysts in Dogs

There are three kinds dog ovarian tumors: epithelial tumors (skin/tissue), germ cell tumors (sperm and ova), and stromal tumors (connective tissue). The most common type of ovarian tumor in dogs is ovarian carcinomas. Granulosa cells are follicular cells (hollow cells) surrounded by theca cells (which form a surrounding sheath). Ovarian tumors are prone to metastasizing (spreading), and some are capable of producing hormones.

The tumors described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease ...read more

Overproduction of Estrogen in Dogs

Tue, 01 Jul 2008 19:41:23 +0000

Hyperestrogenism in Dogs

Estrogen -- a type of hormone -- is naturally produced in female dogs. It is responsible for normal sexual behavior and development, and the customary biological function of the female reproductive tract. Overproduction of estrogen can result in what is known as estrogen toxicity (hyperestrogenism). This can happen without any outside interference or it can occur when estrogens are being introduced artificially.

Estrogens sometimes cause abnormal (cystic) cells to line the uterus and this permits the invasion of bacteria from the vagina. The cervix is ...read more

Overproduction of Red Blood Cells in Dogs

Tue, 04 Nov 2008 19:11:41 +0000

Polycythemia in Dogs

Polycythemia is a condition of the blood, characterized as an abnormal increase in the amount of red blood cells in the circulatory system. Polycythemia entails an increase in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (the red pigment of the blood cell), and in red blood cell (RBC) count, above the reference intervals, due to a relative, transient, or absolute increase in the number of circulating red blood cells. Erythropoiesis describes the production of red blood cells. It is stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO), a carbohydrate protein hormone which sti ...read more

Overproduction of White Blood Cells in the Bone Marrow in Dogs

Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:30:36 +0000

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome in Dogs

Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a disorder of unknown cause, characterized by persistent eosinophilia -- sustained overproduction of eosinophils (white blood cells of the immune system) in the bone marrow. However, its suspected cause is a link to a severe reaction to an unidentified antigen, or impairment of the immune response and control of eosinophil production. This is a multi-system syndrome, with invasion of the tissues by eosinophils and subsequent organ damage and dysfunction. It frequently has a fatal outcome.

Organ damage can ...read more

Pain (Acute, Chronic and Postoperative) in Dogs

Wed, 20 Aug 2008 20:59:09 +0000

Sharp/Sudden Pain, Long Term Pain or Pain Following a Surgical Procedure in Dogs

One of the biggest challenges in animal care is determining your dog's source of pain. This is partly due to their limited ability to convey the pain. Dogs vary greatly in their specific responses to pain; the animal's age, species, experience, and current environment will all affect their response levels.

There are numerous causes of pain; most are commonly associated with tissue damage. Treatment options are available that can help to reduce the amount of pain your dog is experiencing.

...read more

Painful Abdomen in Dogs

Sun, 20 Dec 2009 13:36:33 +0000

Peritonitis in Dogs

Peritonitis is often associated with acute abdominal pain due to the sudden inflammation of the abdominal tissues, or peritoneum, hence the name for the condition. This causes fluid to shift into the peritoneal cavity, leading to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Peritonitis may be due to infectious causes such as the stomach flu or non-infectious causes such as a hernia.

While younger dogs tend to have acute abdomen due to infectious and traumatic causes, malignant cancers are more often the cause of acute abdomen in older dogs. It is crucial ...read more