Atrioventricular Block, Second Degree–Mobitz Type II in Cats
The heart of a cat, like other mammalian hearts, is divided into four chambers. The two top chambers are called the atria (singular: atrium) and the bottom chambers are called the ventricles. The heart has an electrical conduction system that is responsible for controlling the heart rate. This electrical conduction system generates electrical impulses (waves), which propagate throughout the musculature of the heart, stimulating the heart's muscles to contract and push blood through the interior arteries and out into the body.
There are two nodes (masses of tissue) present in the heart that play an important role in this conduction system. The sinus node, or sinoatrial (SA) node, is a clustered collection of similar cells located in the right atrium, its purpose being to generate electrical impulses and to serve as the heart's pacemaker. The other node is called the atrioventricular (AV) node. Like the SA node, it is a clustered collection of similar cells situated in the right atrium, close to the ventricle. The AV node receives impulses from the SA node, and after a small delay, directs the impulses to the ventricles. This delay allows for the atrium to eject blood into the ventricle before the ventricular muscles contract. The AV node can also take the place of the SA node as the heart's pacemaker, should the SA node be affected adversely by a pathological condition of the heart.
Second degree AV block in cats is a disease in which the above mentioned electrical conduction system goes off course, as some impulses are not passed down from the atria to the ventricles, thus impairing contraction and pumping functions of the heart muscles. AV block is rare in healthy cats but may be found in older cats.
Symptoms and Types
Some cats remain asymptomatic while other may show the following symptoms:
- Weakness
- Lethargy
- Sudden collapse
- Syncope (fainting)
In cases of digoxin (a drug used to treat many cardiac diseases) intoxication, an animal may show the following symptoms:
- Vomiting
- Poor appetite
- Diarrhea
- Symptoms related to underlying disease
Causes
- Involvement of non-cardiac diseases
- Age related degenerative changes within the cardiac conduction system
- Drug side effects (e.g., digoxin, a drug used to treat many cardiac diseases)
- Cardiac neoplasia
- Infections involving the heart (e.g., bacterial, viral, parasitic)
- Cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease)
- Trauma
Diagnosis
You will need to give a thorough history of your cat's health, onset of symptoms, and possible incidents that might have preceded this condition. A previous illness or treatment history is important in these cases. After performing a complete physical examination, your veterinarian will measure your cat's arterial blood pressure to check for hypertension (high blood pressure) related to cardiac disease. Laboratory tests include the standard complete blood count, biochemistry profile, and urinalysis. These tests are of importance in the diagnosis of this problem as there are some biochemical changes that can predispose your cat to AV block. For example, if digoxin toxicity is suspected, the level of digoxin will be measured in your cat's serum. More specific tests may be conducted to evaluate the presence of infectious disease or parasitism. Blood culture/sensitivity tests will show evidence of a type of organism that is involved in infection and its sensitivity to various antibiotics.
Other diagnostic tools that are important for the evaluation of the heart's structural and functional parameters include electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography for measuring the heart's electrical impulses.
Treatment
This disease is not aggressively treated in cats. If the heart rate is being maintained at a level at which the heart can pump an adequate amount of blood for normal body functions, generally no treatment will be required. If an underlying disease is responsible for the AV block, your veterinarian will treat it accordingly.
Living and Management
There is no special nursing care that is required for these patients. If symptoms persist, strict cage rest is often recommended. Your veterinarian may also recommend a special diet for your cat if there is an underlying disease requiring dietary restrictions. It should be noted that if there is an underlying cause that is responsible for the AV block, it will need to be treated in order for the problem to be resolved. You will need to talk to your veterinarian about the various options available for treatment.
In persistent cases, medication is not enough for long-term treatment of this problem. For such a case, a veterinarian may suggest a permanent pacemaker (a small device that is placed under the skin of the thoracic [chest] cavity to help control an abnormal heart rhythm) for long-term management. You may need to visit your veterinarian frequently for evaluation of your cat's current cardiac health status and progress, as this problem can lead to further serious complications if it is not monitored regularly.