Cylindruria in Dogs

 

Cylindruria is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high amount of particle matter (casts) in urine sediment. This may indicate that there is a primary kidney disease, or that there is a systemic (whole body) disorder that is affecting the kidneys secondarily. An analysis of the urine (urinalysis) must be done within two hours, since the casts will typically dissolve after two hours.

 

The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

 

Causes

 

Listed are several possible conditions that would affect the body or its organs in such a way that it responds by dropping excess particles into the urine.

 

Nephrotoxicosis (toxins, both chemical and medicinal, that affect the kidneys):

 

• Antifreeze, grape/raisin ingestion, excessive calcium in the blood
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Intravenously administered radiocontrast agent, used in diagnostics

 

Renal Ischemia (conditions under which the normal flow of blood to the kidneys is blocked or restricted):

 

• Dehydration
• Decreased blood volume
• Low cardiac output (e.g., congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia [heartbeat irregularities], or pericardial disease [disease of the sac that encloses the heart])
• Renal vessel thrombosis (coagulation, or clotting, of blood in the vessels that feed the kidney and surrounding area)
• Hemoglobinuria - protein hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying pigment that makes the blood red, drops into the urine and is also found in high concentrations in the kidney
• Myoglobulinuria - migration of globulin (blood plasma protein), to the kidneys, excreted in the urine

 

Renal (kidney) Inflammation:

• When the kidney is inflamed – swollen and irritated – the kidneys drop protein and red blood cells into the urine
• Infectious diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, can cause the kidney to become inflamed and drop particles into the urine

 

Glomerular Disease (Arteries branch inside the kidneys into clusters of blood vessels, each of which is called a glomerulus. The glomerulus serves as a filtering unit in the kidneys, removing waste matter from the blood):

• Glomerulonephritis describes the inflammation of the small blood vessels in one or more of the glomeruluses, it is presented by hypertension, swelling (edema), and blood protein deposits
• Amyloidosis: a condition resulting from proteins, called amyloids, that have been altered to take on an insoluble form and have deposited themselves into organs and/or tissues

 

 

Diagnosis

 

In order to reach a diagnosis, your veterinarian will want to know whether your dog has been exposed to any of the toxins or drugs mentioned above.

 

A closer analysis of the casts in the urine will give your veterinarian some clues as to what is causing this irregularity. One of the conditions that will need to be ruled out or confirmed as a source of the cylindruria is acute tubular necrosis. This is a condition that involves the dying of cells that form the tube that transports urine. Under normal conditions these cells continually replace themselves, but with tubular necrosis, 99 percent of the water is absorbed, causing the salt and metabolic byproducts in the urine to be concentrated. If acute tubular necrosis is the diagnosis, and the cause is remedied, then recovery will probably occur fairly quickly.

 

Your doctor will want to know if there has been a recent onset of vomiting or diarrhea so that dehydration can be confirmed or ruled out as a cause for the cylindruria. If there is a fever, the doctor will want to rule out infectious and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer. Also under consideration is the condition of the heart. A heart murmur may indicate an infection of the inner layer of the heart. Pericardial disease, inflammation of the sac that encloses the heart, would be a response to infection and may be symptomized by left leg limping, fever, and fatigue. If the dog exhibits small red or purple spots on the body caused by broken blood vessels (petechiae), or larger bruises (ecchymoses) that are unexplained, your veterinarian will look for blood clots.

 

If the disease persists and progresses, and the cause cannot be determined from routine and special laboratory tests, your doctor will need to examine a tissue sample from the kidney (renal biopsy).

 

Treatment

 

If your dog has become dehydrated as a result of this condition, it will be hospitalized and rehydrated intravenously; otherwise, your veterinarian will most likely recommend normal food and exercise.

 

Living and Management

 

Unless your dog is dehydrated and must stay in the hospital, you will feed and treat it as you usually do. However, you will need to follow a check-up regimen as directed by your doctor. There are many things that could cause this, most of them serious, so it is important to follow your doctor’s directions for providing the care your dog needs.